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Reflections on the French-Rwanda relationship outcome.

Understanding genocide in Rwanda is especially difficult because it is mandatory to have a deep knowledge of the colonial history of the Great Lakes region but also a deep understanding of the evolution in each country of the region since their independence. Basically Rwanda and Burundi populations are divided in three groups: Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. The Hutu are farmers and represent the majority of the population (almost 80 %), Tutsi are shepherd and are mostly the ruling elite (20 % of the population), the Twa are potters and represent less than 2 % of the population. Hutu and Tutsi identity were not the central identity in the Great Lakes regions before colonization [1] . It is the colonial power and the church that divided them so strongly and defined them as racial identity. The Colonial power and the church implement the idea that Tutsi were racially superiors than Hutu, Twa, and should consequently lead them [2] . They also implement the idea that Tutsi were not natives but people from Ethiopia (Galla origins), Egypt or even Asia. Consequently when Rwanda gained independence, Hutu extremist considered that they had to free themselves from a second colonial power: the Tutsi one [3] . Persecution of Tutsi started in the early 1960’s and lots of Tutsi escaped in Ugandan such as the parents of Paul Kagme. Another consequence was that in Burundi, the ruling elite Tutsi, started to oppress the Hutu peasants in order to maintain their power. The attitude of the Hutu in Rwanda was used as justification of the attitude of Tutsi in Burundi and vis-versa. The events in the two countries reinforced the hatred between the two groups. Hutu and Tusti are not ethnic group in the sense of differences of culture, language or even physical differences. However Hutu and Tutsi are cultural constructed identity. Even if history prove that there are no ethnic separation between Hutu and Tutsi, it is false to consider that after the genocide Hutu and Tutsi are not central identity in Rwanda.

The role of France in Rwanda between 1990 and 1994 and especially at the time of the genocide is at the heart of the controversy between the two countries. The Rwanda patriotic Front (RPF) composed of Rwandan refugees, mostly Tutsi, invaded Rwanda from Uganda. The Rwandan army fought back but had important difficulties. France and Rwanda had a military agreement; consequently France trained and also helped on the ground the government army. At the same time France tried to bring peace to the region and had pledge for a peace agreement especially after the Coup d’Etat in Burundi in 1993 which lead to ethnic cleaning. An agreement had been reach knew as the Arusha agreement: the main idea was to allow a transitional government in Rwanda with the return of the refugees and the integration of the RPF into the army. However, in Rwanda, the Hutu extremist reinforced their power, denounced the agreement and the action of the president. The RPF army was not also very content of the agreement because without France they would have taken the country. The president of Burundi and the president of Rwanda took a plane together leaving from Arusha. The plane was shot down in April 1994 near Kigali. The plane was a gift from France to the president of Rwanda and the pilots were French. The shot down of the President was the excuse needed for the Hutu extremist in order to start the genocide. There has not been any real research on who was responsible for the shot down of the plane. The RPF accused Hutu extremist but the other side accused the RPF. The families of the French pilots asked the French justice to start a procedure concerning the shot down of the presidential plane. It is the French antiterrorist judge, Mr. Bruguiere, who was responsible of the inquiry. He accused the RPF and close relatives of Paul Kagme and Paul Kagame itself to be responsible for the shot down of the plane and ask for international mandates against them in November 2006 [4] . As a consequence of that president Kagame order to shot down diplomatic relations with France on November 2006. At that time France never admitted any errors on the management of the Rwanda crisis and was the only western countries involved in the matters that did not present an apology. Also France refused several extradition of people accused to be génocidaires in Rwanda especially catholic priest.

The situation did not involve until the presidential election in May 2007. President Sarkozy and Foreign Affairs Minister Mr. Kouchner pledged to reestablished good relations with Rwanda. Mr. Kouchner has admitted some errors but refused any suggestion that France participated in the violence of genocide or helped the “génocidaires”. The French President also admitted mistakes on several occasions such as a meeting with President Paul Kagame in December 2007. A franco-rwandan committee was formed in order to define what should be the new base for a franco-rwandan relation. Also, since the beginning of Sarkozy presidency, the extradition of people accused of genocide has been facilitated [5] and France has given its supports to the nomination of the Rwandan general at the head of the Union Africa army in Darfur even if he was accused of slaughter [6] .

At the same time Rwanda engaged two procedures. First of all Rwanda has candidated for being a member of the Commonwealth. Rwanda is not a former UK colony and it is a member of the “francophonie”. Second of all, in April of 2006 President Kagame asked to an “independent” committee to study the involvement of France in the Rwanda genocide. The report was made public in august 2008 and the conclusions are terrifying. In this report, France has been accused to have trained the Hutu militia and helped to develop informatics list of suspects who were used in the first hours of the genocide. France has been accused to have sold weapons during the genocide. Also France has been accused to use the Operation Turquoise mission not in order to protect the population but in order to let génocidaires “finish the job” and to escape in Zaire. The report has advised the Rwanda government to engage in international pursuit against French citizen especially ranked soldiers and former Prime Minister (Mr. Edouard Balladur, Dominique De Villepin); Foreign Affairs Minister (Hubert Védrine, Alain Juppé).

France has condemned these accusations to be completely false but still reaffirm its will to reestablished good relations with Rwanda. It is important to notice that the French President did not react directly on the issue. The Minister of Defense has been the more vindictive but the Foreign Ministers office keep the focus on the need of reestablishing good relation with Rwanda and has underlined the evolution of the French position since Sarkozy presidency.

What will be the evolution of the relation between the two countries and the consequences are deeply uncertain. What can be the next move of France and Rwanda are only supposition and extrapolation.

The publication of the report underlined that for Rwanda efforts made by France since the election of president Sarkozy are no enough. President Paul Kagame has dismissed the independence of the French justice on the Rwanda issue. Consequently the refusal of the French government to put an end to the international mandate released by the French justice has been a huge point of disagreement. The resolution of this point is a preliminary for any talks between the two governments in the Rwanda point of view.

Rwanda government can decide to act in front of justice. Rwanda has been a strong advocate of the need of justice. Rwanda has international competence to prosecute crimes related to genocide. If Rwanda does such act the two countries will be at the same level: each one asking to the other one to extradite some of its citizen in order to be prosecuted. A consequence of that will be that any countries that have agreements of extradition with one of the two countries will have to take a position on the subject and organizations such as the European Union and the African Union will have to take position as well.

Another possible action for Rwanda would be to ask the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to judge the French officials. However the mandate of the ICTR will finish in less than a year, it will need a vote of the Security Council to be extended and it is unlikely that France will vote for it. To act in front of the ICTR could be a good political move for Rwanda government. It will put France on a difficult position because France has been a member of this tribunal since the beginning. It will underline that Rwanda does not want vengeance but justice. It will show, especially inside the African Union that Rwanda will fight for an equal international justice system where western countries can be prosecuted. It is important to underline that only the accusation made against France during the time of the genocide and Operation Turquoise can be prosecuted. Crimes committed before the genocide (1990 as before April 1994) are not part of the mandate of the Tribunal. However, if Rwanda acts in such way the pressure will be even greater on Rwanda to allow the tribunal to prosecute crimes committed by the FPR. If any action is taken in front of the ICTR by Rwanda it is likely that the Security Council will have to deal with the matter. The risk for the international community will be to show that International justice does not allow a justice from the South against the North.

It is also possible that individuals, especially Rwanda citizen but also association, will act in front of justice on the base of the Rwanda report in France, Spain, Belgium or Rwanda. This can be a better solution for Rwanda government because it will not be a State move.

Another possibility is that France deeply apologizes for the acts committed in Rwanda and consequently recognizes not only mistakes but errors as well. A move that will not be easy to made, even for the French President, because formers officials and people in the French army will strongly disapprove it. Some observers said that the strong reticence of actors such as general Lafourcade, former Prime Minister Alain Juppé, Edouard Balladur or the French socialist Hubert Védrine is one of the main reasons for the absence of agreement between the two countries. France and Rwanda can also propose to established something such as a “truth and reconciliation” committee with scholars of the two countries that can define what are the responsibilities of France and others countries before and at the time of the genocide. However President Sarkozy always said that he dismissed any kind of “repentance” as regard of colonialism or France presence in Africa.

In conclusion, the report made public by president Kagame show that Rwanda does not have a strong commitment to reestablish good relations between the two countries before France recognize its faults and stop to act in justice against Rwanda citizens. At the same time, the publication of the report put the Rwanda government under pressure because Rwanda government has always advocated justice and the report advice the government to act in front of justice. Since the publication of the report, the French has dismissed the accusation but always underlined their strong will to reestablish good relations with Rwanda. A political agreement can be found between the two countries if France recognizes its responsibilities and if the two countries decide to stop judicial action against each others. However another possibility is that Rwanda act in front of justice against French officials. If Rwanda chooses the judicial path there will be a need for countries to take side and for international organizations to be size of the matter. What will be next move from President Kagame is unknown and France does not have the initiative. A further worsening of the relation between the two countries can have consequences At The International level Especially Because Of The importance Of The Rwanda army (Involvement in Darfur) to aussi if French decided to reiterate by RPF soldiers Prosecuting form.

[1] CHRETIEN, J.-P. (2000). The African Great Lakes: two thousand years of history. Historical collection. Paris, Aubier.
[2] Thierry Marchal -Beck "Gorju Bishop, Bishop ethnologist: Science, Race, Religion or defining identities Burundi" edited by Annette Becker, June 2008.

[3] Mamdani, M. (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, nativism, & the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.
[4] This conclusion put the responsibility of the Genocide not on the Hutu extremist but on the forces of the RPF. In France, an abundant literature has been developed which acknowledge a “double genocide” in Rwanda or accused the RPF to have deliberately provoked the genocide in order to gain power. The main book of this kind of literature as been written by Pierre Péan in 2005 and has received the back up of Hubert Védrine.
[5] One of the main reasons for this facilitation is the end of the death penalty in Rwanda in 2007.
[6] Spain has an international competence as regard as crimes of genocide or mass slaughter. Consequently a justice procedure has-been starting to train in Spain Against RPF soldiers and Spain for international mandates Asked Against Rwanda Army Officers. It Is important to note tha That African Union regarded That There Was a risk of abuse of the "worldwide jurisdiction" and Refused to extradite people from Rwanda.

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A Socialist New Deal: A Green New Deal Between

Introduction

Socialists should propose a draft sustainable development company. That is to say a project where human survival and well-being and ability to develop better living together are central. Too often the Socialists intend to sustainable development as a chapter of their program caring for the environment while forgetting that sustainable development depends first and foremost on the triptych "environment, economy, social issues" that should be the matrix suggest the Socialists.

Indeed, we must stop thinking about economic growth and sustainable development as antagonistic terms. If today our growth is unsustainable, the Socialists must offer both a policy and a method to radically transform our society and at three levels: in its relation to the environment, in its modes of economic production in the establishment of rights and democracy at the center of society.

Socialists should finally understand that the fight is a fight ecological socialist. The exploitation of nature and man by the capitalist system go together. Those who are suffering today and who will suffer tomorrow at the national level as global damage to the environment are those that are already in the most difficult situations in our society. Energy is the perfect example: while some get rich when the Earth is warming and that the poorest people worldwide suffer the consequences climate (cyclones, hurricanes) and the poorest in the West are those for which the increase in energy prices has the most hard on their budgets.

Faced with these issues, the Socialists must overcome any short-term approach and understand that failure to provide the means to change our lifestyles and production is in fine-cons productive for the weakest among us and disastrous for our planet. Socialists should defend the idea that responses to the exploitation of man are responses to land use and vice versa. These are structural reforms of radical transformation of the capitalist system that we propose. Socialists should delete false and correct answers as the TIPP floating and put the necessary funds in place by taxing where is the money, while setting an energy policy that cares about the man and the earth.


The imperative of sustainable development is eminently a struggle because it requires socialist economic planning, social and democratic choice. The imperative of sustainable development is already recognize the total failure of market self-regulation is to affirm the vital necessity of democracy for collectively define the social and environmental requirements that men want to give is put as economic activity in the market range of tools, means to serve the purposes democratically determined. Simply sustainable development is to make democracy and human center of society.


We intend here to draw but not limited to what could be an economic recovery plan for sustainable development. Socialists must answer two key questions: that of sharing wealth and the respect for the man and his environment. We not discuss here the imperative need to put equality at the heart of our political project, while tirelessly reiterating that the more men are equals in a society of their rights, their freedoms, their health and their ability to take place are large and assured. We will not address either the issue, yet essential, distribution of wealth. We would first like to present an economic stimulus package, creator of new wealth.


At the heart of our proposal is included the belief that sustainable growth, because it puts an end to exploitation of the earth, and cares must necessarily disadvantaged. Both the issue of sharing wealth than the respect for man and environment form a combinatorial dialectic in which the answer to one of two problems can meet each other. An economic stimulus package will increase economic activity, resulting in the creation of many jobs and promotes the development of infrastructure for the development of other economic activities. Sustainable economic development requires many local jobs that are inherently non-relocatable and also improve the quality of life and public services. A sustainable economic recovery plan ensures that the wealth produced can respect the earth, transforming the current economic system to ensure human survival and improve the living standards of all collectively and neediest first.


To achieve this end, the Socialists are proposing a Green New Deal that can be achieved with a speech that is both realistic and proactive about the inevitable and indispensable need for a tax revolution both locally and national enabling public power to find the fiscal space necessary for the common good.


Another agricultural policy.


Agriculture is not an activity like any other, it enables man to eat and therefore live. Participation state or supra-state is essential and can not be questioned. The CAP must be radically changed to ensure food self-sufficiency in the European Union in respect of soil, water, biodiversity and people. Grants should promote quality agriculture and friendly environment. Respect of water is groundwater is a prerequisite for obtaining all grants.

Socialists propose to amend the procurement code in order to promote short circuits in agriculture in preference to local products and Bio in the canteens. By promoting the organic community in restaurants, public expenditure can guarantee lasting order books of organic farmers and thus contribute to the stabilization and development of this alternative agriculture and quality for humans.

products harmful to the environment and farmers must be strictly prohibited and GMOs in open fields waiting for a scientific study on the long term about the effects on humans and the environment.


Water is a public good.


Water is a property essential to the survival of man: it must be saved, inexpensive and quality. Socialists promote municipalization of targeted subsidies governed by and reserved for this purpose. The Socialists will pass a law controlling the price of water by allowing only limited variations to plus or minus 5 percent against a nationally set price pivot.

The State shall undertake a comprehensive expenditure plan to enable compliance with European directives on recycling water. The State should provide financial support especially small municipalities for a rapid scale circuits mains drainage and purification devices, focusing as much as possible the least chemical devices.

The state should also strengthen the necessary grants for the rehabilitation of old water networks in order to drastically reduce these leaks, which will lower the price water or at least stabilize it over time. The State shall plan and sign contracts with local authorities, these expenses will amount to several billion euros over 10 years.


Transportation of goods, transport of people: the revolution needed


Road transport of goods and people is the most important cause of emissions of greenhouse gases. Take this requires drastic measures that are previously developed alternative arrangements to travel in a logic of sustainable development.

The Road Transportation property shall be limited or prohibited in the main highways. To do this it is essential to promote freight as well as developing infrastructure that making it mandatory for certain routes. Mechanisms playing on prices so that the cost of freight is lower than road transport are to be designed. A plan for construction and redevelopment of the channels is essential and the interconnections between railway and river port will be favored. France must also work actively at European level to generalize a spatially structured system of sustainable transport, transport networks linking rail and waterways throughout the European continent.

The number of cars has increased steadily for thirty years and the vast majority of trips are made with less than two passengers over distances of less than three kilometers. The State must plan a development plan for transport of several billion euros to ten years and engage in contract with local authorities. Grants to communities to promote common urban public transport and transport demand in rural areas will be greatly increased. The plans must allow U.S. Regions in all regions, regardless of their financial potential, develop networks and quality of services for regional trains. The state and communities will promote alternative modes of transport, giving priority to pedestrians and cyclists in cities.

Socialists should ensure universal access to public transport (bus, streetcar, subway, train) in promoting free by recourse to the solidarity tax. Free travel, or at least of low fares, preferring to encourage sustainable modes of transport including the externality is positive for the environment. If the only way to guarantee low prices requires enterprises controlled by the public (state, local), then such a measure will be adopted both in the service of as many as for the preservation of the environment and sustainable So humans.

A policy of free public transport and / or minimum rate will restore the purchasing power of families by drastically reducing the share of transportation in their budgets.


The decrease in energy expenditure: a battle for power purchase


If energy costs buildings represent a very important part of greenhouse gas emissions of greenhouses, they are also extremely important cost for households and for public authorities. The state, in full partnership with local authorities, plan a spending plan more than ten billion years to reduce drastically the cost of buildings. If construction of new buildings to no impact on the environment must be pursued as far as techniques and materials now readily available permit, it is especially important rehabilitate old buildings and homes.

Such a plan must first enable the eradication of substandard housing ten years. Must involve prioritizing the rehabilitation of housing for the household energy bills the most precarious decreases. The State must use the cash deposits and consignments to enable the widespread interest loans (already implemented by some local authorities) for expenditure on rehabilitation of existing housing, the credit is granted and repaid in the long term due to decreases in the price of the invoice energy, making these works available, including the poorest households.

Finally, the State should provide financial assistance to local authorities so that they are even their own copies and rehabilitate public buildings, thereby benefiting the long-term return on investment.

This spending plan will promote entrepreneurship in the building, will encourage research in insulation materials and new sources of energy production. The aim must be that the majority of the buildings is self-sufficient in energy to ten years. This spending plan will create significant employment and sustainable non-relocatable.

Thus the socialists of the economic recovery policy of sustainable development policy in favor of purchasing power and redistribution. It allows collective tax expenditures as needed investment in transport that energy expenditure for the share of these expenditures, particularly for the poorest households where it is most important, and greatly reduces their and restores the real purchasing power. It is economically a virtuous circle.


Waste management: nothing is lost, everything is changing.


The State shall promote recycling but also reducing the mass of waste. The Socialists will commit to specific targets and goals the state sign contracts with local authorities. The objective is to reduce waste, increase reuse and recycling allow. The State shall promote, including through a system of premium subsidies, any proposed local government which contributes to reducing and recycling waste. Without making an exhaustive list that would be pointless, the state will take many regulatory measures, and as examples:

- banning plastic packaging,
- the establishment of systems of instructions (as in Belgium and Germany where
bottles plastics are now almost nonexistent),
- the introduction of a tax on non-recyclable products,
- developing systems for certain property rentals [1] (cars, washing machines, ...).

The imagination of public policy maker must be significant in this area and be particularly responsive. Consistently Socialists must ask themselves questions of "how to allow reduction, reuse and recycling of waste in order to minimize the landfilling and incineration? . Even more stringent measures will be taken in regard to industrial waste and toxic chemicals. Socialists should make every effort to ensure that the EU cares in this area in a sustainable protection of citizens and the world, far beyond the simple approach too liberal and insufficient in itself Market.


Policy Research for Sustainable Development.


To achieve this broad plan of spending and investment research should be widely promoted to find new solutions. Research is promoted when the public order is important, thus contributing to technological innovation-generating activities and therefore jobs when the devices are jointly developed appropriate training. Meanwhile the state should also strengthen and consolidate the financial imperative for the development of fundamental research, essential and indispensable foundation for applied research in efficient time

Research should be particularly important in the energy field. It was, twice, before and after the oil shock, a serious mistake to base our economic and social model on a single energy source that is oil or nuclear. The Socialists are firmly committed to go out at all nuclear and say their priority is the reduction of energy expenditure in research on energy saving and the use of energy sources both diverse and alternative. Socialists promote research on the management of nuclear waste problem essential prior to any retention of nuclear energy production. Finally

Socialists intend to develop a policy of citizen research, that is to say that democracy has a right and duty to control the search. The precautionary principle should be applied broadly and marketing of new products, new molecules will be pourrat only after long-term studies on the impacts. Socialists declare and make effective the right of democratic control over science.


Health: prevention rather than heal.


A policy of economic recovery by sustainable economic growth is also a policy of protection of human health. Prevention rather than cure should become the leitmotif of socialist health. The cost of prevention and health education should be widely promoted. The constant concern of respect for the body, including the workplace, must become central. The guarantee of universal access to public health must be ensured in particular the homeless, people excluded from employment, students ... The state and security must fundamentally change their social ways of thinking about health policy: control of advertising directed at children, oral hygiene at school, safety inspection, food control, nutrition education, the fight against substandard housing , the control of the use of artificial molecules ... all of these examples illustrate another way of understanding why health prevention and compliance are top of the body.


Conclusion

A Green New Deal is a sustainable economic recovery policy that gives less than ten years change our country and its economic infrastructure to meet the challenges of sustainable development - in its threefold social, economic, environmental, while creating jobs and wealth in the short term. A Green New Deal requires economic planning, puts the economy at the service of man, creates jobs, meets the man and his environment. A Green New Deal struggle against poverty, cares for those who suffer most from the joint exploitation of land and rights, fight against inequalities, developing public service and preserves human health. Finally a Green New Deal is to strengthen the role of democracy in his first role, that collectively define what we mean to our society and decide collectively how to share with the public needs to answer these challenges and needs.

[1] leasing system encourages companies to develop products with greater life expectancy, promotes the repair, reuse of the object and allows tighter control of these wastes because they are business waste.

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ban and defend the body and soul ... my grade, not to defend the extreme right

Here is some information that will not be published in Charlie Hebdo.
One of the advantages of being in an IEP is a very close friend rather than a Danish communist past four years ... We have known for very long as the newspaper had published the cartoons of Muhammad was the right back into an extreme hard-right ... Journal, which has been particularly recognized for his anti-immigration, particularly against Muslims. The Mohammed cartoons were then published by a newspaper in France is close to Philippe De Villiers. Between

ban these cartoons which I was and defend against body and soul there was a difference ... I did it ... it really was not many left ... I even think I had to make anti-Semitic insults at a time (about which stopped when I threatened to sue because that dirty filthy about my person. Prosecution important and should never be used for evil about to preserve its full strength). Believe that cartoons can not spread messages of hatred is truly forgotten history ... it disgusts me to see as a caricature that draws the god of Muslims as terrorists than to see Sarkozy caricatured with a hooked nose

... As I often say the last three years ... those who love so much this kind of caricature can always buy the newspaper Minute .... No need to be in Denmark for a press that amalgam and Muslim terrorism.


PS / recent events have proven that Charlie Hebdo was defending freedom of expression when it suits them ... Roll on Thursday that buy Sine Hebdo

http://www.marianne2.fr/Le-plus- attack-of-Muhammad cartoonists de-s-show-with-the-extreme-droite_a91541.html? PHPSESSID = 5a034231619504d2256f295007f5d89a
Most cartoonists attacked Muhammad appears with the extreme right
The author of the famous cartoon of Muhammad with a turban-shaped bomb on his head has attended this weekend at the annual meeting of Danish People's Party, a political far-right Danish. What got this little man of 73 years?


But what was he doing in that galley? Kurt Westergaard, 73, is the Danish cartoonist who in late 2005, was represented in the pages of Jyllands-Posten the prophet Muhammad with a turban-shaped bomb on his head (his work was later resumed in February 2006 by the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo ). This Saturday, the man found himself the guest of honor of the Danish People's Party congress (DF), the Danish People's Party, or almost the equivalent of the National Front. Virulent remarks against Islam and the gathering was marked by virulent remarks at the podium against the Muslims. A leading member of the party who sits on the European Parliament, Mogens Camre , in particular benefited from this event to launch a diatribe against Islam which, he says, "is inconsistent with (the) values (Danish)" seeks to "dominate Europe" and must, ultimately, to "be deported". Kurt Westergaard, himself, was content in his speech to talk about "freedom of expression" and to tell his life under the protection of PET (the Danish RG) since the publication of the cartoons. But the old designer, once completed his speech, has tasted the pleasure of being wildly applauded by the audience. Probably a little intoxicated, he even allowed himself to sign autographs for activists! Right in his boots, he assumed ... As a first step, right in his boots, the cartoonist took his presence at this gathering of extreme right. He, who had escaped an assassination attempt in February, said "not a member of the Danish People's Party" and have just went there because there had been "invited". The man was also justified by explaining "have the right to speak and where he wants when he wants." Certainly. But if Congress made the trip to the DF, it is also, he says, to "thank" the boss of the far-right party for having provided support during the media storm caused by the publication of its design and eleven other caricatures of the prophet: "Only two politicians have supported me. One is the Socialist Mayor of Århus (note: the second largest city), Nicolai Wammen. The other is Pia Kjærsgaard , president of DF. ... But then backtracked the direction of his newspaper broke away from him. Not really amazing reaction from Børge Visby correspondent in France for the weekly Weekendavisen : "Jyllands-Posten has gone very right handed. It has since grown considerably and today, even if it's still a conservative newspaper, he became more neutral, he wants more respectable. Anyway, he does not want to be identified with the extreme right. "Dropped its drafting, Kurt Westergaard has finally engage the reverse gear. He expressed "regret" for attending this meeting too: "As a member of a newspaper, we can not allow themselves to identify a party. (...) In hindsight, I should not participate. "Regret, arriving a little late. After his participation in such a political rally, some people will undoubtedly another look - much less fun than this - on his work ...
Wednesday, September 24, 2008 - 08:38 Gerald
Andrieu

What Kind Of Cm Just Before Period

Puzzle on the agenda of the left

Why the economy, wages, redistribution and the fight against unemployment must be at the heart of our program

The Socialist Party is it always late? Advocating revolution when social democracy was successful and now advocate social democracy when it fails. The change in policy statement of the PS revealed that he was more concerned with responding to past issues (remake of the battle Mitterrand-Rocard) than present and future. Winbacks says in his contribution that the future of socialism can not be moved from social democracy. Little economic analysis mainly the recent changes that make a consensus Social Democratic light can not be valid and that alternatives exist.

A. The end of economic growth and the correlation increased wages

In all the speeches of Democrats in the U.S., and should not be mistaken they are far left they are talking about rising inequality and problems of capitalism . Kruckman Paul, an American economist, continually recall that for the first time since the installation of the capitalist system there may be economic growth and increasing wealth without the average level of living of the majority population increases. ... worse poverty increases. There was a historical correlation between economic growth and slight decline in poverty and increasing wealth for the richest but also the middle classes. This correlation is reduced to nil.
can say without too much difficulty that the social democratic paradigm is constituted around the idea that the profits of today were the jobs of tomorrow ... it should promote economic growth by creating jobs and wealth . Except that here too it is no longer the case, there may be economic growth without increasing jobs and there may be economic growth in the short term future employment without the long term because the investment decline. We must keep in mind that the declining share of wages in the division of the VA is accompanied by a slight but significant decline in the share of investment in VA. Falling wages in no way allowed increased investment or job creation fostered by the least "cost" of work.

B. Capitalism under the weight of finance

1. In finance that funds to finance that punctures.

What is finance? Finance is required in the system builds. If someone has a great idea and wants to create a business that it is necessary to gain access to bank credit to finance it. There is a risk to the lender, it is normal that there is interest payable. But today
finance is not so much in debt and the capitalization which means that the financial control in fine company. It will repay a loan, the cost of risk is the interest rate and is known in advance. Conversely capitalization that even when there is more risk (after 5 or 10 years), the financier continues to grow, it makes money either against payment risk but only because he had money initially. Keynes's thesis has never been as relevant, the annuitant is the cancer of capitalism, it must be euthanized (this is not about excessive on my part but those of the bourgeois Keynes). The funding is no longer solely a matter for banks.
Secondly, financiers have significantly increased their rate of return is no longer the rate of 5 to 7 percent profit, but rather 14-15 percent per year. This means that perfectly profitable businesses but do not meet these objectives are pressured to do so. The only possibility for the company to meet these goals is to play on the only adjustment variable as are the employees and their salaries. Indeed one can not dismiss a machine or save the purchase of a machine necessary to produce when it is possible to make pressure on employees by relocating blackmail to continuously raise rates, deny any increase salary, without compensation board from 35 to 39 hours and of course dismiss. You end up with the heresy that a company wants to take the value at the announcement of a plan termination and that the decline in employment is presented as a benefit at meetings of shareholders as on bulletin it is presented as a lower cost.

Pension Fund, traps con *
Heresy with absolute when pension funds through share ownership or incentive wage workers are asked to vote in favor of lower costs. Do not forget that the number of shares under the offer and u the employee base is far from being the same, only if it is only because he can not afford. Second it cuts the link-wage work. Just one example: two people with exactly the same pay, but that one just had a child and not the other. One can only buy 50 shares because he spends most of her child and one can buy a 500. They work and their incomes are much different. Also note that normally in enterprise agreements can be a tendency to focus on wage agreements which will promote more then the lowest salaries, with the share it will pay those which have the highest salaries and thus have the largest numbers of shares that will be the biggest beneficiaries. The absolute horror that the pension fund ... American workers have little awareness of how they impact the lives of French employees. A worker who operates the other worker that is the genius of financial capitalism. It also demonstrates the importance of a public pension system and shows how a private system is inefficient because not only the issue of pensions is very poorly managed in the USA but the consequences for French employees are disastrous. Finally, we must stop to believe that these firms operates at lower cost than the state when they must also generate so much profit for shareholders.
* Pension Fund, trap stupid? Mirage of shareholder democracy. LORDON Frederick LIBER / REASONS FOR ACTION, Collection: REASONS FOR ACTION, 06/2000, 124

Ultimately the problem of finance is that instead of funding the capitalist system so that it prosperous she punctures.

2. Some lessons learned from the subprime crisis

can not speak of global finance without referring to the subprime crisis. This raises two central questions:
- moral hazard and banks or risk management
- why the subprime

wages of the majority of people in the United States have stagnated or even declined slightly while income ( and not SALARY) of the richest have extremely increased. If incomes are rising and some of the income of employees consisting only of wages stagnate or fall while employees face a downgrade. The explanation of why the U.S. economy continues to grow despite the increase in wages not lie in the importance of borrowing. We talk much of the public debt and we talk a lot less private debt. It is over 100 percent. It is still rated as the heresy of controlling public debt and private debt ... not when there are much more likely that a household facing bankruptcy a State (nobody serious believes that the state could go bankrupt ... which only happened twice in the history of France).
The subprime crisis is to allow households with insufficient incomes to become homeowners: interest rates are zero in the early years but rises sharply (up almost 50 percent) after 3 or 5 years. The idea is that the household is after 3 or 5 years left his home, sells, and affects the capital gain that may be important with the housing bubble. ... Except that the bubble has burst. As always with a bubble, the last to have retired before the bubble exploded and he who earns a lot does not withdraw if it is only some hours after the explosion of the bubble can lose a lot (beautifully explained in the Antimanuel of Economics Bernard Maris). These households have not only failed to sell their homes but finds himself more with monthly payment of huge pay .... some are going bankrupt and they are huge losses for other financial reach the monthly payments but have nothing to buy a car, DVD player, computer, clothes again ... c ' is a significant drop in consumption that has set back the growth. The important thing to keep in mind is that in this crisis, which we always talk of a financial standpoint, there are hundreds of thousands of people who are doing and expropriated hundreds of thousands of people struggling to keep a home. There are many cities in the United States of entire neighborhoods or nearly people do live, which have become ghost towns when there are many people homeless. Municipalities need to manage and secure these areas for fear of looting and squats are also great difficulties because their spending on police and interviews while increasing their revenues decline significantly with hundreds of departures. Do not forget that when they sold the product, vendors are more stress on the possibility of added value of the house as the risks ... these people are often very precarious employees. Some lessons learned from all this:
- The reason for growth in the USA, Spain and Great Britain last decade is primarily a housing bubble, the growth of financial sector and the considerable increase in household debt to offset the decline in wages.
- An economy can not grow without an increase in household income that is the salary or the debt is the debt but when the risk is enormous. Second

the subprime crisis reveals the total lack of control over banks. In science (human!) Insurance-economic theories have gained much importance. The idea is well known malus-bonus, the teachers seriously savings explain that without it a car driver is more likely to drive anyhow, is moral hazard. If there is no risk of penalty, the driver assured knowing take on more risk than those who are not insured. The difference between the financier and the driver of car ... is that in an accident the driver may break an arm while the banker / financier in connection with an accident and although he does not suffer (unless disaster and loss job ...). The problem of banks is that they know what going on the state come to their rescue as lender of last resort. Indeed nothing would be worse than a failed bank, because there is a risk of infection because it does not pay its debts to other banks, but there also those who had money in that bank would lose everything. Banks are therefore encouraged to be totally irresponsible, to take unnecessary risks because they know that whatever happens the state will come to their assistance and especially that there are no penalties (or bonuses for those who meet the rules). Hence the nationalization of several banks around the world. This is another great success of the ultra-liberalism have convinced that nationalization was the absolute evil except when it is to nationalize losses. Privatize profits and nationalize losses that is the creed of the early twenty-first century. How to respond to this moral hazard is a key issue for socialists ... it will bring maybe not immediately, but many voices is a must. Especially if we consider to be right on this issue we have proved our seriousness and our understanding of the issues at stake. Except that it means limiting money creation by banks, deposit requirement largest banks, the takeover of BCE to enhance its supervisory powers and punishment, taxation on financial flows. The homos economicus does not exist except perhaps in the financial ... they really understand the signals and their property must send a signal that they are under control and they can be punished. Finally, it is an area where we expect the PES and the Socialist International to agree on a new Betton Woods.

C. Wage, redistribution, employment growth the three priorities of socialist

Controlling Finance, answer to the problem of low incomes of employees and respond to unemployment and job insecurity Employment is not just socially fair is an economic imperative.

1. Restore the share of wages in the distribution of value added

Sharing the wealth here is what must be the heart of a leftist agenda. Achieve a better distribution of wealth not to play the camp of one class against another, but simply because more and more people are earning lots of money on the backs of the French economy and its employees without work . Rehabilitating work is above all raise wages but also to end the unjust enrichment work.

An example of the cultural battle (in the Gramscian sense of the word)
The importance of the cultural battle is perceived to lead when we see that the right has managed to convince the majority of the population that parasite on society and the economy is the recipient of the RMI and the unemployed, not the few tens of thousands of people who live on their incomes and who think their work in managing pensions when they produce neither good nor services. The denunciation of RMI has replaced that of 100 families. We will follow the advice of Keynes: "We must euthanize the rentier."

Increasing the minimum wage is an imperative and an increase in all salaries below € 3000. Inflationary risks are much lower than in the past because if firms raise their prices in the European common market they will lose many market share. If they wish not to increase their prices they will maintain their prices and thus reduce slightly the share of their profits. It is also not excluded that a dynamic economy will emerge from these wage increases which will swell the backlog of employees. It will also necessary to redistribute, particularly to correct the huge increase in inequality of wealth (drastic increase inheritance taxes beyond 75 Wealth 000 per child). Finally it will develop a great stimulus and adapting our economy to sustainable development issues. This plan will be twofold boost our economy and adapt them to the challenges of the twenty-first century. The aim of socialists is to create hundreds of thousands of green jobs. Obviously, such a plan could address the critical issue of housing and that of transportation.

2. RSA: symbol of a left surrendering.

Regarding the salary issue the Socialist Party must clarify its position on three areas: increasing wages, the issue of tax credit and wage supplements devices (RSA and PEP). We will present the debate on the RSA that we think best illustrates the different positions within the Socialist Party and the obvious choice.
At the heart of RSA is the idea that the main reason for not returning to work is the lack of monetary incentive. Idea that the PS should recuse himself and yet is growing. The differential between the one who touches the RMI and the one who takes a part-time employment (part-time or less) is often very low ... it is much more important for a full time job. The problem is not the difference but weak job creation in full-time.
We believe this is not the lack of incentive to work that fact that 4 million people are without jobs and that nearly 80 percent of jobs created in the services has a working time of less than 15 hours a week. Responding to the fact that someone working 12 hours a week can lose money compared to the RMI is substantially mistaken problem. Why most of the jobs created are jobs that most precarious?
The RSA is a typical example of a left that has accepted the inevitability of working poor and unemployed, who considers that the purpose of government is to help people come into these situations and not answer the why of the situation. RSA is a statistical treatment of poverty and perpetuate a system that allows the emergence of the working poor.

A number of questions illustrate the negative effects of RSA
- What is the minimum number of hours that the RSA can be triggered? The RSA does he not allow companies to develop jobs for less than ten hours per week. The minimum wage was defined by Marx as the salary to survive and reproduce here. With RSA, we allow companies to pay jobs so far below the living wage and that public money makes this possible. The potential windfall for companies is enormous, it could reinforce the trend of job growth of less than 15 hours a week.

- The number of RSA will he limited companies? The RSA can also be a boon for the company which may be can have as many jobs she RSA and may wish to repeat this device for use as many times as they wish. It is astounding that the socialists who advocate control of precarious employment, return to the Commission as the standard allows companies to increase employment precarious given that the state will supplement the low wages to enable these workers to survive. The RSA without an ambitious policy to develop decent work and fight against precarious employment is actually decomplex businesses in the use of such jobs.

- Is there not a danger of creating a new door or wages earned no more be between 30-32h a week and touch the RSA and pass the minimum wage? The RSA does he not support the trend that the majority of employees is between -20 and +10 percent of SMIC. Finally

RSA as the EPP is an expensive policy that does not create jobs unless extremely precarious jobs that can be created only through the RSA. Even if it means using public money to create jobs that not only would be more interesting to use it to finance an economic recovery plan creator of full-time job to fund the wage structure of the poor. The RSA will cost 2.5 billion per year, how many new jobs would be created if all of this money was used annually in building green to build homes or rehabilitate old housing? Politics is about making alternative choices with limited resources, the selection of the left must be to create growth, create jobs, improve our living conditions and do not support businesses in creating poor wage. PEP and RSA creates effects offset is just the minimum wage level for the RSA is just one level or toggle between the category of one who handles the EPP and the one who does not touch her. While the effects of levels are raised but they have an extremely negative effect maintain that the vast majority of employees in wage levels around the minimum wage. The RSA and PEP have absolutely no effect on the fact that the share of wages in the VA decreases because their funding is not provided principally on businesses. RSA and PEP is extremely costly to the state without this policy is job creation or improved conditions of employment. In our

:
- the issue of low pay must be settled solely by raising wages because it focuses the effort on business and creates no greenhouse alleviate. Especially it gives employees the share of wealth they create businesses that have their confiscated incidentally 20 years. We favor a substantial increase in the SMIC (1500 euros net 2012), have no collective agreement could have a base salary below the minimum wage for the first year of service the employee should be increased to encourage the conclusion of Agreement branch under the threat of legislative intervention that will increase all wages above the minimum wage to 3000 euros and 200 euros per month. We recall here that these wage increases, unlike the RSA and PEP have the great advantage of massively increase social contributions employers and thereby contribute to the recovery of social security accounts (even if this effect will be less for mergers of the income tax with the CSG and the foundation of a CSG employer sitting on the VA and non- not payroll)

- Taxes and public spending should not be impacted by payment of compensation for low wages. The tax is intended to create jobs and promote growth. That particular enable the implementation of a comprehensive economic recovery plan that must adapt our economy and our lifestyles to sustainable development issues.


The example of RSA and PEP shows that the Socialists have a tendency to accompany poverty or with the low pay and the concentration of earnings around the minimum wage. Sharing the wealth must be at the heart of our program in particular because we have shown that private indebtedness, particularly among the disadvantaged classes, is not only unfair but few have disastrous effects on the economy. Examples English, English and U.S. shows that low pay is offset by household debt, but that it can be much more harmful than higher wages because there are important risk of default of payment. The wage increase also has a large advantage is to reduce the share of corporate profits because they will be sentenced between lower profits or lose market share if they raise their prices. It will be necessary to take the necessary measures to stop companies relocating because their salary increases. The sharing of wealth has always been a fight and the boss has always led its class struggle. Finally the redistribution of wealth through rising wages, which already allows to boost growth by an increase in consumption must be accompanied by a large stimulus package economy. It must invest heavily in research for all that socialism is the redistribution of that production. This recovery plan should also allow us to meet the challenges of our time: the housing issue with the fight against substandard housing, providing shelter for all and life is good and drastically reduce the impact of housing on the environment . This recovery plan must also adapt the rest of our economy and our way of life to the realities of the XXIst century it is about water, recycling, energy production or transport modes.


Provide responses to the financial crisis and the system capitalist overcome unemployment, to finally emerge a middle class that lives off his salary, improve our living conditions by adapting to environmental realities, fighting against poverty and enable a new universal access to health and a decent retirement that is the goal of the Socialists. The objective is clear, the means are just as important. It remains for us to gain the courage, will and heart.



Sources: Many economic data come from the contribution of Peter Larrouturou that if it does not bring much response establishes a very correct diagnosis. A must read and reread. http://www.nouvellegauche.fr/ . I refer also to note the founding of Terra Nova on the RSA which I do not share all the views but still interesting. http://www.tnova.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=276 . I am also referring to various articles dl'économiste Michel Husson including "the credibility of the program" and "the true story of the wage share" http://hussonet.free.fr/

. We also recall the two books cited: the economy of antimanuel Bernard Mariss Lordon and that of pension funds, trap stupid? Mirage of shareholder democracy.