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Reflections on the French-Rwanda relationship outcome.

Understanding genocide in Rwanda is especially difficult because it is mandatory to have a deep knowledge of the colonial history of the Great Lakes region but also a deep understanding of the evolution in each country of the region since their independence. Basically Rwanda and Burundi populations are divided in three groups: Hutu, Tutsi and Twa. The Hutu are farmers and represent the majority of the population (almost 80 %), Tutsi are shepherd and are mostly the ruling elite (20 % of the population), the Twa are potters and represent less than 2 % of the population. Hutu and Tutsi identity were not the central identity in the Great Lakes regions before colonization [1] . It is the colonial power and the church that divided them so strongly and defined them as racial identity. The Colonial power and the church implement the idea that Tutsi were racially superiors than Hutu, Twa, and should consequently lead them [2] . They also implement the idea that Tutsi were not natives but people from Ethiopia (Galla origins), Egypt or even Asia. Consequently when Rwanda gained independence, Hutu extremist considered that they had to free themselves from a second colonial power: the Tutsi one [3] . Persecution of Tutsi started in the early 1960’s and lots of Tutsi escaped in Ugandan such as the parents of Paul Kagme. Another consequence was that in Burundi, the ruling elite Tutsi, started to oppress the Hutu peasants in order to maintain their power. The attitude of the Hutu in Rwanda was used as justification of the attitude of Tutsi in Burundi and vis-versa. The events in the two countries reinforced the hatred between the two groups. Hutu and Tusti are not ethnic group in the sense of differences of culture, language or even physical differences. However Hutu and Tutsi are cultural constructed identity. Even if history prove that there are no ethnic separation between Hutu and Tutsi, it is false to consider that after the genocide Hutu and Tutsi are not central identity in Rwanda.

The role of France in Rwanda between 1990 and 1994 and especially at the time of the genocide is at the heart of the controversy between the two countries. The Rwanda patriotic Front (RPF) composed of Rwandan refugees, mostly Tutsi, invaded Rwanda from Uganda. The Rwandan army fought back but had important difficulties. France and Rwanda had a military agreement; consequently France trained and also helped on the ground the government army. At the same time France tried to bring peace to the region and had pledge for a peace agreement especially after the Coup d’Etat in Burundi in 1993 which lead to ethnic cleaning. An agreement had been reach knew as the Arusha agreement: the main idea was to allow a transitional government in Rwanda with the return of the refugees and the integration of the RPF into the army. However, in Rwanda, the Hutu extremist reinforced their power, denounced the agreement and the action of the president. The RPF army was not also very content of the agreement because without France they would have taken the country. The president of Burundi and the president of Rwanda took a plane together leaving from Arusha. The plane was shot down in April 1994 near Kigali. The plane was a gift from France to the president of Rwanda and the pilots were French. The shot down of the President was the excuse needed for the Hutu extremist in order to start the genocide. There has not been any real research on who was responsible for the shot down of the plane. The RPF accused Hutu extremist but the other side accused the RPF. The families of the French pilots asked the French justice to start a procedure concerning the shot down of the presidential plane. It is the French antiterrorist judge, Mr. Bruguiere, who was responsible of the inquiry. He accused the RPF and close relatives of Paul Kagme and Paul Kagame itself to be responsible for the shot down of the plane and ask for international mandates against them in November 2006 [4] . As a consequence of that president Kagame order to shot down diplomatic relations with France on November 2006. At that time France never admitted any errors on the management of the Rwanda crisis and was the only western countries involved in the matters that did not present an apology. Also France refused several extradition of people accused to be génocidaires in Rwanda especially catholic priest.

The situation did not involve until the presidential election in May 2007. President Sarkozy and Foreign Affairs Minister Mr. Kouchner pledged to reestablished good relations with Rwanda. Mr. Kouchner has admitted some errors but refused any suggestion that France participated in the violence of genocide or helped the “génocidaires”. The French President also admitted mistakes on several occasions such as a meeting with President Paul Kagame in December 2007. A franco-rwandan committee was formed in order to define what should be the new base for a franco-rwandan relation. Also, since the beginning of Sarkozy presidency, the extradition of people accused of genocide has been facilitated [5] and France has given its supports to the nomination of the Rwandan general at the head of the Union Africa army in Darfur even if he was accused of slaughter [6] .

At the same time Rwanda engaged two procedures. First of all Rwanda has candidated for being a member of the Commonwealth. Rwanda is not a former UK colony and it is a member of the “francophonie”. Second of all, in April of 2006 President Kagame asked to an “independent” committee to study the involvement of France in the Rwanda genocide. The report was made public in august 2008 and the conclusions are terrifying. In this report, France has been accused to have trained the Hutu militia and helped to develop informatics list of suspects who were used in the first hours of the genocide. France has been accused to have sold weapons during the genocide. Also France has been accused to use the Operation Turquoise mission not in order to protect the population but in order to let génocidaires “finish the job” and to escape in Zaire. The report has advised the Rwanda government to engage in international pursuit against French citizen especially ranked soldiers and former Prime Minister (Mr. Edouard Balladur, Dominique De Villepin); Foreign Affairs Minister (Hubert Védrine, Alain Juppé).

France has condemned these accusations to be completely false but still reaffirm its will to reestablished good relations with Rwanda. It is important to notice that the French President did not react directly on the issue. The Minister of Defense has been the more vindictive but the Foreign Ministers office keep the focus on the need of reestablishing good relation with Rwanda and has underlined the evolution of the French position since Sarkozy presidency.

What will be the evolution of the relation between the two countries and the consequences are deeply uncertain. What can be the next move of France and Rwanda are only supposition and extrapolation.

The publication of the report underlined that for Rwanda efforts made by France since the election of president Sarkozy are no enough. President Paul Kagame has dismissed the independence of the French justice on the Rwanda issue. Consequently the refusal of the French government to put an end to the international mandate released by the French justice has been a huge point of disagreement. The resolution of this point is a preliminary for any talks between the two governments in the Rwanda point of view.

Rwanda government can decide to act in front of justice. Rwanda has been a strong advocate of the need of justice. Rwanda has international competence to prosecute crimes related to genocide. If Rwanda does such act the two countries will be at the same level: each one asking to the other one to extradite some of its citizen in order to be prosecuted. A consequence of that will be that any countries that have agreements of extradition with one of the two countries will have to take a position on the subject and organizations such as the European Union and the African Union will have to take position as well.

Another possible action for Rwanda would be to ask the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to judge the French officials. However the mandate of the ICTR will finish in less than a year, it will need a vote of the Security Council to be extended and it is unlikely that France will vote for it. To act in front of the ICTR could be a good political move for Rwanda government. It will put France on a difficult position because France has been a member of this tribunal since the beginning. It will underline that Rwanda does not want vengeance but justice. It will show, especially inside the African Union that Rwanda will fight for an equal international justice system where western countries can be prosecuted. It is important to underline that only the accusation made against France during the time of the genocide and Operation Turquoise can be prosecuted. Crimes committed before the genocide (1990 as before April 1994) are not part of the mandate of the Tribunal. However, if Rwanda acts in such way the pressure will be even greater on Rwanda to allow the tribunal to prosecute crimes committed by the FPR. If any action is taken in front of the ICTR by Rwanda it is likely that the Security Council will have to deal with the matter. The risk for the international community will be to show that International justice does not allow a justice from the South against the North.

It is also possible that individuals, especially Rwanda citizen but also association, will act in front of justice on the base of the Rwanda report in France, Spain, Belgium or Rwanda. This can be a better solution for Rwanda government because it will not be a State move.

Another possibility is that France deeply apologizes for the acts committed in Rwanda and consequently recognizes not only mistakes but errors as well. A move that will not be easy to made, even for the French President, because formers officials and people in the French army will strongly disapprove it. Some observers said that the strong reticence of actors such as general Lafourcade, former Prime Minister Alain Juppé, Edouard Balladur or the French socialist Hubert Védrine is one of the main reasons for the absence of agreement between the two countries. France and Rwanda can also propose to established something such as a “truth and reconciliation” committee with scholars of the two countries that can define what are the responsibilities of France and others countries before and at the time of the genocide. However President Sarkozy always said that he dismissed any kind of “repentance” as regard of colonialism or France presence in Africa.

In conclusion, the report made public by president Kagame show that Rwanda does not have a strong commitment to reestablish good relations between the two countries before France recognize its faults and stop to act in justice against Rwanda citizens. At the same time, the publication of the report put the Rwanda government under pressure because Rwanda government has always advocated justice and the report advice the government to act in front of justice. Since the publication of the report, the French has dismissed the accusation but always underlined their strong will to reestablish good relations with Rwanda. A political agreement can be found between the two countries if France recognizes its responsibilities and if the two countries decide to stop judicial action against each others. However another possibility is that Rwanda act in front of justice against French officials. If Rwanda chooses the judicial path there will be a need for countries to take side and for international organizations to be size of the matter. What will be next move from President Kagame is unknown and France does not have the initiative. A further worsening of the relation between the two countries can have consequences At The International level Especially Because Of The importance Of The Rwanda army (Involvement in Darfur) to aussi if French decided to reiterate by RPF soldiers Prosecuting form.

[1] CHRETIEN, J.-P. (2000). The African Great Lakes: two thousand years of history. Historical collection. Paris, Aubier.
[2] Thierry Marchal -Beck "Gorju Bishop, Bishop ethnologist: Science, Race, Religion or defining identities Burundi" edited by Annette Becker, June 2008.

[3] Mamdani, M. (2001). When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, nativism, & the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ Princeton University Press.
[4] This conclusion put the responsibility of the Genocide not on the Hutu extremist but on the forces of the RPF. In France, an abundant literature has been developed which acknowledge a “double genocide” in Rwanda or accused the RPF to have deliberately provoked the genocide in order to gain power. The main book of this kind of literature as been written by Pierre Péan in 2005 and has received the back up of Hubert Védrine.
[5] One of the main reasons for this facilitation is the end of the death penalty in Rwanda in 2007.
[6] Spain has an international competence as regard as crimes of genocide or mass slaughter. Consequently a justice procedure has-been starting to train in Spain Against RPF soldiers and Spain for international mandates Asked Against Rwanda Army Officers. It Is important to note tha That African Union regarded That There Was a risk of abuse of the "worldwide jurisdiction" and Refused to extradite people from Rwanda.

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A Socialist New Deal: A Green New Deal Between

Introduction

Socialists should propose a draft sustainable development company. That is to say a project where human survival and well-being and ability to develop better living together are central. Too often the Socialists intend to sustainable development as a chapter of their program caring for the environment while forgetting that sustainable development depends first and foremost on the triptych "environment, economy, social issues" that should be the matrix suggest the Socialists.

Indeed, we must stop thinking about economic growth and sustainable development as antagonistic terms. If today our growth is unsustainable, the Socialists must offer both a policy and a method to radically transform our society and at three levels: in its relation to the environment, in its modes of economic production in the establishment of rights and democracy at the center of society.

Socialists should finally understand that the fight is a fight ecological socialist. The exploitation of nature and man by the capitalist system go together. Those who are suffering today and who will suffer tomorrow at the national level as global damage to the environment are those that are already in the most difficult situations in our society. Energy is the perfect example: while some get rich when the Earth is warming and that the poorest people worldwide suffer the consequences climate (cyclones, hurricanes) and the poorest in the West are those for which the increase in energy prices has the most hard on their budgets.

Faced with these issues, the Socialists must overcome any short-term approach and understand that failure to provide the means to change our lifestyles and production is in fine-cons productive for the weakest among us and disastrous for our planet. Socialists should defend the idea that responses to the exploitation of man are responses to land use and vice versa. These are structural reforms of radical transformation of the capitalist system that we propose. Socialists should delete false and correct answers as the TIPP floating and put the necessary funds in place by taxing where is the money, while setting an energy policy that cares about the man and the earth.


The imperative of sustainable development is eminently a struggle because it requires socialist economic planning, social and democratic choice. The imperative of sustainable development is already recognize the total failure of market self-regulation is to affirm the vital necessity of democracy for collectively define the social and environmental requirements that men want to give is put as economic activity in the market range of tools, means to serve the purposes democratically determined. Simply sustainable development is to make democracy and human center of society.


We intend here to draw but not limited to what could be an economic recovery plan for sustainable development. Socialists must answer two key questions: that of sharing wealth and the respect for the man and his environment. We not discuss here the imperative need to put equality at the heart of our political project, while tirelessly reiterating that the more men are equals in a society of their rights, their freedoms, their health and their ability to take place are large and assured. We will not address either the issue, yet essential, distribution of wealth. We would first like to present an economic stimulus package, creator of new wealth.


At the heart of our proposal is included the belief that sustainable growth, because it puts an end to exploitation of the earth, and cares must necessarily disadvantaged. Both the issue of sharing wealth than the respect for man and environment form a combinatorial dialectic in which the answer to one of two problems can meet each other. An economic stimulus package will increase economic activity, resulting in the creation of many jobs and promotes the development of infrastructure for the development of other economic activities. Sustainable economic development requires many local jobs that are inherently non-relocatable and also improve the quality of life and public services. A sustainable economic recovery plan ensures that the wealth produced can respect the earth, transforming the current economic system to ensure human survival and improve the living standards of all collectively and neediest first.


To achieve this end, the Socialists are proposing a Green New Deal that can be achieved with a speech that is both realistic and proactive about the inevitable and indispensable need for a tax revolution both locally and national enabling public power to find the fiscal space necessary for the common good.


Another agricultural policy.


Agriculture is not an activity like any other, it enables man to eat and therefore live. Participation state or supra-state is essential and can not be questioned. The CAP must be radically changed to ensure food self-sufficiency in the European Union in respect of soil, water, biodiversity and people. Grants should promote quality agriculture and friendly environment. Respect of water is groundwater is a prerequisite for obtaining all grants.

Socialists propose to amend the procurement code in order to promote short circuits in agriculture in preference to local products and Bio in the canteens. By promoting the organic community in restaurants, public expenditure can guarantee lasting order books of organic farmers and thus contribute to the stabilization and development of this alternative agriculture and quality for humans.

products harmful to the environment and farmers must be strictly prohibited and GMOs in open fields waiting for a scientific study on the long term about the effects on humans and the environment.


Water is a public good.


Water is a property essential to the survival of man: it must be saved, inexpensive and quality. Socialists promote municipalization of targeted subsidies governed by and reserved for this purpose. The Socialists will pass a law controlling the price of water by allowing only limited variations to plus or minus 5 percent against a nationally set price pivot.

The State shall undertake a comprehensive expenditure plan to enable compliance with European directives on recycling water. The State should provide financial support especially small municipalities for a rapid scale circuits mains drainage and purification devices, focusing as much as possible the least chemical devices.

The state should also strengthen the necessary grants for the rehabilitation of old water networks in order to drastically reduce these leaks, which will lower the price water or at least stabilize it over time. The State shall plan and sign contracts with local authorities, these expenses will amount to several billion euros over 10 years.


Transportation of goods, transport of people: the revolution needed


Road transport of goods and people is the most important cause of emissions of greenhouse gases. Take this requires drastic measures that are previously developed alternative arrangements to travel in a logic of sustainable development.

The Road Transportation property shall be limited or prohibited in the main highways. To do this it is essential to promote freight as well as developing infrastructure that making it mandatory for certain routes. Mechanisms playing on prices so that the cost of freight is lower than road transport are to be designed. A plan for construction and redevelopment of the channels is essential and the interconnections between railway and river port will be favored. France must also work actively at European level to generalize a spatially structured system of sustainable transport, transport networks linking rail and waterways throughout the European continent.

The number of cars has increased steadily for thirty years and the vast majority of trips are made with less than two passengers over distances of less than three kilometers. The State must plan a development plan for transport of several billion euros to ten years and engage in contract with local authorities. Grants to communities to promote common urban public transport and transport demand in rural areas will be greatly increased. The plans must allow U.S. Regions in all regions, regardless of their financial potential, develop networks and quality of services for regional trains. The state and communities will promote alternative modes of transport, giving priority to pedestrians and cyclists in cities.

Socialists should ensure universal access to public transport (bus, streetcar, subway, train) in promoting free by recourse to the solidarity tax. Free travel, or at least of low fares, preferring to encourage sustainable modes of transport including the externality is positive for the environment. If the only way to guarantee low prices requires enterprises controlled by the public (state, local), then such a measure will be adopted both in the service of as many as for the preservation of the environment and sustainable So humans.

A policy of free public transport and / or minimum rate will restore the purchasing power of families by drastically reducing the share of transportation in their budgets.


The decrease in energy expenditure: a battle for power purchase


If energy costs buildings represent a very important part of greenhouse gas emissions of greenhouses, they are also extremely important cost for households and for public authorities. The state, in full partnership with local authorities, plan a spending plan more than ten billion years to reduce drastically the cost of buildings. If construction of new buildings to no impact on the environment must be pursued as far as techniques and materials now readily available permit, it is especially important rehabilitate old buildings and homes.

Such a plan must first enable the eradication of substandard housing ten years. Must involve prioritizing the rehabilitation of housing for the household energy bills the most precarious decreases. The State must use the cash deposits and consignments to enable the widespread interest loans (already implemented by some local authorities) for expenditure on rehabilitation of existing housing, the credit is granted and repaid in the long term due to decreases in the price of the invoice energy, making these works available, including the poorest households.

Finally, the State should provide financial assistance to local authorities so that they are even their own copies and rehabilitate public buildings, thereby benefiting the long-term return on investment.

This spending plan will promote entrepreneurship in the building, will encourage research in insulation materials and new sources of energy production. The aim must be that the majority of the buildings is self-sufficient in energy to ten years. This spending plan will create significant employment and sustainable non-relocatable.

Thus the socialists of the economic recovery policy of sustainable development policy in favor of purchasing power and redistribution. It allows collective tax expenditures as needed investment in transport that energy expenditure for the share of these expenditures, particularly for the poorest households where it is most important, and greatly reduces their and restores the real purchasing power. It is economically a virtuous circle.


Waste management: nothing is lost, everything is changing.


The State shall promote recycling but also reducing the mass of waste. The Socialists will commit to specific targets and goals the state sign contracts with local authorities. The objective is to reduce waste, increase reuse and recycling allow. The State shall promote, including through a system of premium subsidies, any proposed local government which contributes to reducing and recycling waste. Without making an exhaustive list that would be pointless, the state will take many regulatory measures, and as examples:

- banning plastic packaging,
- the establishment of systems of instructions (as in Belgium and Germany where
bottles plastics are now almost nonexistent),
- the introduction of a tax on non-recyclable products,
- developing systems for certain property rentals [1] (cars, washing machines, ...).

The imagination of public policy maker must be significant in this area and be particularly responsive. Consistently Socialists must ask themselves questions of "how to allow reduction, reuse and recycling of waste in order to minimize the landfilling and incineration? . Even more stringent measures will be taken in regard to industrial waste and toxic chemicals. Socialists should make every effort to ensure that the EU cares in this area in a sustainable protection of citizens and the world, far beyond the simple approach too liberal and insufficient in itself Market.


Policy Research for Sustainable Development.


To achieve this broad plan of spending and investment research should be widely promoted to find new solutions. Research is promoted when the public order is important, thus contributing to technological innovation-generating activities and therefore jobs when the devices are jointly developed appropriate training. Meanwhile the state should also strengthen and consolidate the financial imperative for the development of fundamental research, essential and indispensable foundation for applied research in efficient time

Research should be particularly important in the energy field. It was, twice, before and after the oil shock, a serious mistake to base our economic and social model on a single energy source that is oil or nuclear. The Socialists are firmly committed to go out at all nuclear and say their priority is the reduction of energy expenditure in research on energy saving and the use of energy sources both diverse and alternative. Socialists promote research on the management of nuclear waste problem essential prior to any retention of nuclear energy production. Finally

Socialists intend to develop a policy of citizen research, that is to say that democracy has a right and duty to control the search. The precautionary principle should be applied broadly and marketing of new products, new molecules will be pourrat only after long-term studies on the impacts. Socialists declare and make effective the right of democratic control over science.


Health: prevention rather than heal.


A policy of economic recovery by sustainable economic growth is also a policy of protection of human health. Prevention rather than cure should become the leitmotif of socialist health. The cost of prevention and health education should be widely promoted. The constant concern of respect for the body, including the workplace, must become central. The guarantee of universal access to public health must be ensured in particular the homeless, people excluded from employment, students ... The state and security must fundamentally change their social ways of thinking about health policy: control of advertising directed at children, oral hygiene at school, safety inspection, food control, nutrition education, the fight against substandard housing , the control of the use of artificial molecules ... all of these examples illustrate another way of understanding why health prevention and compliance are top of the body.


Conclusion

A Green New Deal is a sustainable economic recovery policy that gives less than ten years change our country and its economic infrastructure to meet the challenges of sustainable development - in its threefold social, economic, environmental, while creating jobs and wealth in the short term. A Green New Deal requires economic planning, puts the economy at the service of man, creates jobs, meets the man and his environment. A Green New Deal struggle against poverty, cares for those who suffer most from the joint exploitation of land and rights, fight against inequalities, developing public service and preserves human health. Finally a Green New Deal is to strengthen the role of democracy in his first role, that collectively define what we mean to our society and decide collectively how to share with the public needs to answer these challenges and needs.

[1] leasing system encourages companies to develop products with greater life expectancy, promotes the repair, reuse of the object and allows tighter control of these wastes because they are business waste.

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ban and defend the body and soul ... my grade, not to defend the extreme right

Here is some information that will not be published in Charlie Hebdo.
One of the advantages of being in an IEP is a very close friend rather than a Danish communist past four years ... We have known for very long as the newspaper had published the cartoons of Muhammad was the right back into an extreme hard-right ... Journal, which has been particularly recognized for his anti-immigration, particularly against Muslims. The Mohammed cartoons were then published by a newspaper in France is close to Philippe De Villiers. Between

ban these cartoons which I was and defend against body and soul there was a difference ... I did it ... it really was not many left ... I even think I had to make anti-Semitic insults at a time (about which stopped when I threatened to sue because that dirty filthy about my person. Prosecution important and should never be used for evil about to preserve its full strength). Believe that cartoons can not spread messages of hatred is truly forgotten history ... it disgusts me to see as a caricature that draws the god of Muslims as terrorists than to see Sarkozy caricatured with a hooked nose

... As I often say the last three years ... those who love so much this kind of caricature can always buy the newspaper Minute .... No need to be in Denmark for a press that amalgam and Muslim terrorism.


PS / recent events have proven that Charlie Hebdo was defending freedom of expression when it suits them ... Roll on Thursday that buy Sine Hebdo

http://www.marianne2.fr/Le-plus- attack-of-Muhammad cartoonists de-s-show-with-the-extreme-droite_a91541.html? PHPSESSID = 5a034231619504d2256f295007f5d89a
Most cartoonists attacked Muhammad appears with the extreme right
The author of the famous cartoon of Muhammad with a turban-shaped bomb on his head has attended this weekend at the annual meeting of Danish People's Party, a political far-right Danish. What got this little man of 73 years?


But what was he doing in that galley? Kurt Westergaard, 73, is the Danish cartoonist who in late 2005, was represented in the pages of Jyllands-Posten the prophet Muhammad with a turban-shaped bomb on his head (his work was later resumed in February 2006 by the satirical weekly Charlie Hebdo ). This Saturday, the man found himself the guest of honor of the Danish People's Party congress (DF), the Danish People's Party, or almost the equivalent of the National Front. Virulent remarks against Islam and the gathering was marked by virulent remarks at the podium against the Muslims. A leading member of the party who sits on the European Parliament, Mogens Camre , in particular benefited from this event to launch a diatribe against Islam which, he says, "is inconsistent with (the) values (Danish)" seeks to "dominate Europe" and must, ultimately, to "be deported". Kurt Westergaard, himself, was content in his speech to talk about "freedom of expression" and to tell his life under the protection of PET (the Danish RG) since the publication of the cartoons. But the old designer, once completed his speech, has tasted the pleasure of being wildly applauded by the audience. Probably a little intoxicated, he even allowed himself to sign autographs for activists! Right in his boots, he assumed ... As a first step, right in his boots, the cartoonist took his presence at this gathering of extreme right. He, who had escaped an assassination attempt in February, said "not a member of the Danish People's Party" and have just went there because there had been "invited". The man was also justified by explaining "have the right to speak and where he wants when he wants." Certainly. But if Congress made the trip to the DF, it is also, he says, to "thank" the boss of the far-right party for having provided support during the media storm caused by the publication of its design and eleven other caricatures of the prophet: "Only two politicians have supported me. One is the Socialist Mayor of Århus (note: the second largest city), Nicolai Wammen. The other is Pia Kjærsgaard , president of DF. ... But then backtracked the direction of his newspaper broke away from him. Not really amazing reaction from Børge Visby correspondent in France for the weekly Weekendavisen : "Jyllands-Posten has gone very right handed. It has since grown considerably and today, even if it's still a conservative newspaper, he became more neutral, he wants more respectable. Anyway, he does not want to be identified with the extreme right. "Dropped its drafting, Kurt Westergaard has finally engage the reverse gear. He expressed "regret" for attending this meeting too: "As a member of a newspaper, we can not allow themselves to identify a party. (...) In hindsight, I should not participate. "Regret, arriving a little late. After his participation in such a political rally, some people will undoubtedly another look - much less fun than this - on his work ...
Wednesday, September 24, 2008 - 08:38 Gerald
Andrieu

What Kind Of Cm Just Before Period

Puzzle on the agenda of the left

Why the economy, wages, redistribution and the fight against unemployment must be at the heart of our program

The Socialist Party is it always late? Advocating revolution when social democracy was successful and now advocate social democracy when it fails. The change in policy statement of the PS revealed that he was more concerned with responding to past issues (remake of the battle Mitterrand-Rocard) than present and future. Winbacks says in his contribution that the future of socialism can not be moved from social democracy. Little economic analysis mainly the recent changes that make a consensus Social Democratic light can not be valid and that alternatives exist.

A. The end of economic growth and the correlation increased wages

In all the speeches of Democrats in the U.S., and should not be mistaken they are far left they are talking about rising inequality and problems of capitalism . Kruckman Paul, an American economist, continually recall that for the first time since the installation of the capitalist system there may be economic growth and increasing wealth without the average level of living of the majority population increases. ... worse poverty increases. There was a historical correlation between economic growth and slight decline in poverty and increasing wealth for the richest but also the middle classes. This correlation is reduced to nil.
can say without too much difficulty that the social democratic paradigm is constituted around the idea that the profits of today were the jobs of tomorrow ... it should promote economic growth by creating jobs and wealth . Except that here too it is no longer the case, there may be economic growth without increasing jobs and there may be economic growth in the short term future employment without the long term because the investment decline. We must keep in mind that the declining share of wages in the division of the VA is accompanied by a slight but significant decline in the share of investment in VA. Falling wages in no way allowed increased investment or job creation fostered by the least "cost" of work.

B. Capitalism under the weight of finance

1. In finance that funds to finance that punctures.

What is finance? Finance is required in the system builds. If someone has a great idea and wants to create a business that it is necessary to gain access to bank credit to finance it. There is a risk to the lender, it is normal that there is interest payable. But today
finance is not so much in debt and the capitalization which means that the financial control in fine company. It will repay a loan, the cost of risk is the interest rate and is known in advance. Conversely capitalization that even when there is more risk (after 5 or 10 years), the financier continues to grow, it makes money either against payment risk but only because he had money initially. Keynes's thesis has never been as relevant, the annuitant is the cancer of capitalism, it must be euthanized (this is not about excessive on my part but those of the bourgeois Keynes). The funding is no longer solely a matter for banks.
Secondly, financiers have significantly increased their rate of return is no longer the rate of 5 to 7 percent profit, but rather 14-15 percent per year. This means that perfectly profitable businesses but do not meet these objectives are pressured to do so. The only possibility for the company to meet these goals is to play on the only adjustment variable as are the employees and their salaries. Indeed one can not dismiss a machine or save the purchase of a machine necessary to produce when it is possible to make pressure on employees by relocating blackmail to continuously raise rates, deny any increase salary, without compensation board from 35 to 39 hours and of course dismiss. You end up with the heresy that a company wants to take the value at the announcement of a plan termination and that the decline in employment is presented as a benefit at meetings of shareholders as on bulletin it is presented as a lower cost.

Pension Fund, traps con *
Heresy with absolute when pension funds through share ownership or incentive wage workers are asked to vote in favor of lower costs. Do not forget that the number of shares under the offer and u the employee base is far from being the same, only if it is only because he can not afford. Second it cuts the link-wage work. Just one example: two people with exactly the same pay, but that one just had a child and not the other. One can only buy 50 shares because he spends most of her child and one can buy a 500. They work and their incomes are much different. Also note that normally in enterprise agreements can be a tendency to focus on wage agreements which will promote more then the lowest salaries, with the share it will pay those which have the highest salaries and thus have the largest numbers of shares that will be the biggest beneficiaries. The absolute horror that the pension fund ... American workers have little awareness of how they impact the lives of French employees. A worker who operates the other worker that is the genius of financial capitalism. It also demonstrates the importance of a public pension system and shows how a private system is inefficient because not only the issue of pensions is very poorly managed in the USA but the consequences for French employees are disastrous. Finally, we must stop to believe that these firms operates at lower cost than the state when they must also generate so much profit for shareholders.
* Pension Fund, trap stupid? Mirage of shareholder democracy. LORDON Frederick LIBER / REASONS FOR ACTION, Collection: REASONS FOR ACTION, 06/2000, 124

Ultimately the problem of finance is that instead of funding the capitalist system so that it prosperous she punctures.

2. Some lessons learned from the subprime crisis

can not speak of global finance without referring to the subprime crisis. This raises two central questions:
- moral hazard and banks or risk management
- why the subprime

wages of the majority of people in the United States have stagnated or even declined slightly while income ( and not SALARY) of the richest have extremely increased. If incomes are rising and some of the income of employees consisting only of wages stagnate or fall while employees face a downgrade. The explanation of why the U.S. economy continues to grow despite the increase in wages not lie in the importance of borrowing. We talk much of the public debt and we talk a lot less private debt. It is over 100 percent. It is still rated as the heresy of controlling public debt and private debt ... not when there are much more likely that a household facing bankruptcy a State (nobody serious believes that the state could go bankrupt ... which only happened twice in the history of France).
The subprime crisis is to allow households with insufficient incomes to become homeowners: interest rates are zero in the early years but rises sharply (up almost 50 percent) after 3 or 5 years. The idea is that the household is after 3 or 5 years left his home, sells, and affects the capital gain that may be important with the housing bubble. ... Except that the bubble has burst. As always with a bubble, the last to have retired before the bubble exploded and he who earns a lot does not withdraw if it is only some hours after the explosion of the bubble can lose a lot (beautifully explained in the Antimanuel of Economics Bernard Maris). These households have not only failed to sell their homes but finds himself more with monthly payment of huge pay .... some are going bankrupt and they are huge losses for other financial reach the monthly payments but have nothing to buy a car, DVD player, computer, clothes again ... c ' is a significant drop in consumption that has set back the growth. The important thing to keep in mind is that in this crisis, which we always talk of a financial standpoint, there are hundreds of thousands of people who are doing and expropriated hundreds of thousands of people struggling to keep a home. There are many cities in the United States of entire neighborhoods or nearly people do live, which have become ghost towns when there are many people homeless. Municipalities need to manage and secure these areas for fear of looting and squats are also great difficulties because their spending on police and interviews while increasing their revenues decline significantly with hundreds of departures. Do not forget that when they sold the product, vendors are more stress on the possibility of added value of the house as the risks ... these people are often very precarious employees. Some lessons learned from all this:
- The reason for growth in the USA, Spain and Great Britain last decade is primarily a housing bubble, the growth of financial sector and the considerable increase in household debt to offset the decline in wages.
- An economy can not grow without an increase in household income that is the salary or the debt is the debt but when the risk is enormous. Second

the subprime crisis reveals the total lack of control over banks. In science (human!) Insurance-economic theories have gained much importance. The idea is well known malus-bonus, the teachers seriously savings explain that without it a car driver is more likely to drive anyhow, is moral hazard. If there is no risk of penalty, the driver assured knowing take on more risk than those who are not insured. The difference between the financier and the driver of car ... is that in an accident the driver may break an arm while the banker / financier in connection with an accident and although he does not suffer (unless disaster and loss job ...). The problem of banks is that they know what going on the state come to their rescue as lender of last resort. Indeed nothing would be worse than a failed bank, because there is a risk of infection because it does not pay its debts to other banks, but there also those who had money in that bank would lose everything. Banks are therefore encouraged to be totally irresponsible, to take unnecessary risks because they know that whatever happens the state will come to their assistance and especially that there are no penalties (or bonuses for those who meet the rules). Hence the nationalization of several banks around the world. This is another great success of the ultra-liberalism have convinced that nationalization was the absolute evil except when it is to nationalize losses. Privatize profits and nationalize losses that is the creed of the early twenty-first century. How to respond to this moral hazard is a key issue for socialists ... it will bring maybe not immediately, but many voices is a must. Especially if we consider to be right on this issue we have proved our seriousness and our understanding of the issues at stake. Except that it means limiting money creation by banks, deposit requirement largest banks, the takeover of BCE to enhance its supervisory powers and punishment, taxation on financial flows. The homos economicus does not exist except perhaps in the financial ... they really understand the signals and their property must send a signal that they are under control and they can be punished. Finally, it is an area where we expect the PES and the Socialist International to agree on a new Betton Woods.

C. Wage, redistribution, employment growth the three priorities of socialist

Controlling Finance, answer to the problem of low incomes of employees and respond to unemployment and job insecurity Employment is not just socially fair is an economic imperative.

1. Restore the share of wages in the distribution of value added

Sharing the wealth here is what must be the heart of a leftist agenda. Achieve a better distribution of wealth not to play the camp of one class against another, but simply because more and more people are earning lots of money on the backs of the French economy and its employees without work . Rehabilitating work is above all raise wages but also to end the unjust enrichment work.

An example of the cultural battle (in the Gramscian sense of the word)
The importance of the cultural battle is perceived to lead when we see that the right has managed to convince the majority of the population that parasite on society and the economy is the recipient of the RMI and the unemployed, not the few tens of thousands of people who live on their incomes and who think their work in managing pensions when they produce neither good nor services. The denunciation of RMI has replaced that of 100 families. We will follow the advice of Keynes: "We must euthanize the rentier."

Increasing the minimum wage is an imperative and an increase in all salaries below € 3000. Inflationary risks are much lower than in the past because if firms raise their prices in the European common market they will lose many market share. If they wish not to increase their prices they will maintain their prices and thus reduce slightly the share of their profits. It is also not excluded that a dynamic economy will emerge from these wage increases which will swell the backlog of employees. It will also necessary to redistribute, particularly to correct the huge increase in inequality of wealth (drastic increase inheritance taxes beyond 75 Wealth 000 per child). Finally it will develop a great stimulus and adapting our economy to sustainable development issues. This plan will be twofold boost our economy and adapt them to the challenges of the twenty-first century. The aim of socialists is to create hundreds of thousands of green jobs. Obviously, such a plan could address the critical issue of housing and that of transportation.

2. RSA: symbol of a left surrendering.

Regarding the salary issue the Socialist Party must clarify its position on three areas: increasing wages, the issue of tax credit and wage supplements devices (RSA and PEP). We will present the debate on the RSA that we think best illustrates the different positions within the Socialist Party and the obvious choice.
At the heart of RSA is the idea that the main reason for not returning to work is the lack of monetary incentive. Idea that the PS should recuse himself and yet is growing. The differential between the one who touches the RMI and the one who takes a part-time employment (part-time or less) is often very low ... it is much more important for a full time job. The problem is not the difference but weak job creation in full-time.
We believe this is not the lack of incentive to work that fact that 4 million people are without jobs and that nearly 80 percent of jobs created in the services has a working time of less than 15 hours a week. Responding to the fact that someone working 12 hours a week can lose money compared to the RMI is substantially mistaken problem. Why most of the jobs created are jobs that most precarious?
The RSA is a typical example of a left that has accepted the inevitability of working poor and unemployed, who considers that the purpose of government is to help people come into these situations and not answer the why of the situation. RSA is a statistical treatment of poverty and perpetuate a system that allows the emergence of the working poor.

A number of questions illustrate the negative effects of RSA
- What is the minimum number of hours that the RSA can be triggered? The RSA does he not allow companies to develop jobs for less than ten hours per week. The minimum wage was defined by Marx as the salary to survive and reproduce here. With RSA, we allow companies to pay jobs so far below the living wage and that public money makes this possible. The potential windfall for companies is enormous, it could reinforce the trend of job growth of less than 15 hours a week.

- The number of RSA will he limited companies? The RSA can also be a boon for the company which may be can have as many jobs she RSA and may wish to repeat this device for use as many times as they wish. It is astounding that the socialists who advocate control of precarious employment, return to the Commission as the standard allows companies to increase employment precarious given that the state will supplement the low wages to enable these workers to survive. The RSA without an ambitious policy to develop decent work and fight against precarious employment is actually decomplex businesses in the use of such jobs.

- Is there not a danger of creating a new door or wages earned no more be between 30-32h a week and touch the RSA and pass the minimum wage? The RSA does he not support the trend that the majority of employees is between -20 and +10 percent of SMIC. Finally

RSA as the EPP is an expensive policy that does not create jobs unless extremely precarious jobs that can be created only through the RSA. Even if it means using public money to create jobs that not only would be more interesting to use it to finance an economic recovery plan creator of full-time job to fund the wage structure of the poor. The RSA will cost 2.5 billion per year, how many new jobs would be created if all of this money was used annually in building green to build homes or rehabilitate old housing? Politics is about making alternative choices with limited resources, the selection of the left must be to create growth, create jobs, improve our living conditions and do not support businesses in creating poor wage. PEP and RSA creates effects offset is just the minimum wage level for the RSA is just one level or toggle between the category of one who handles the EPP and the one who does not touch her. While the effects of levels are raised but they have an extremely negative effect maintain that the vast majority of employees in wage levels around the minimum wage. The RSA and PEP have absolutely no effect on the fact that the share of wages in the VA decreases because their funding is not provided principally on businesses. RSA and PEP is extremely costly to the state without this policy is job creation or improved conditions of employment. In our

:
- the issue of low pay must be settled solely by raising wages because it focuses the effort on business and creates no greenhouse alleviate. Especially it gives employees the share of wealth they create businesses that have their confiscated incidentally 20 years. We favor a substantial increase in the SMIC (1500 euros net 2012), have no collective agreement could have a base salary below the minimum wage for the first year of service the employee should be increased to encourage the conclusion of Agreement branch under the threat of legislative intervention that will increase all wages above the minimum wage to 3000 euros and 200 euros per month. We recall here that these wage increases, unlike the RSA and PEP have the great advantage of massively increase social contributions employers and thereby contribute to the recovery of social security accounts (even if this effect will be less for mergers of the income tax with the CSG and the foundation of a CSG employer sitting on the VA and non- not payroll)

- Taxes and public spending should not be impacted by payment of compensation for low wages. The tax is intended to create jobs and promote growth. That particular enable the implementation of a comprehensive economic recovery plan that must adapt our economy and our lifestyles to sustainable development issues.


The example of RSA and PEP shows that the Socialists have a tendency to accompany poverty or with the low pay and the concentration of earnings around the minimum wage. Sharing the wealth must be at the heart of our program in particular because we have shown that private indebtedness, particularly among the disadvantaged classes, is not only unfair but few have disastrous effects on the economy. Examples English, English and U.S. shows that low pay is offset by household debt, but that it can be much more harmful than higher wages because there are important risk of default of payment. The wage increase also has a large advantage is to reduce the share of corporate profits because they will be sentenced between lower profits or lose market share if they raise their prices. It will be necessary to take the necessary measures to stop companies relocating because their salary increases. The sharing of wealth has always been a fight and the boss has always led its class struggle. Finally the redistribution of wealth through rising wages, which already allows to boost growth by an increase in consumption must be accompanied by a large stimulus package economy. It must invest heavily in research for all that socialism is the redistribution of that production. This recovery plan should also allow us to meet the challenges of our time: the housing issue with the fight against substandard housing, providing shelter for all and life is good and drastically reduce the impact of housing on the environment . This recovery plan must also adapt the rest of our economy and our way of life to the realities of the XXIst century it is about water, recycling, energy production or transport modes.


Provide responses to the financial crisis and the system capitalist overcome unemployment, to finally emerge a middle class that lives off his salary, improve our living conditions by adapting to environmental realities, fighting against poverty and enable a new universal access to health and a decent retirement that is the goal of the Socialists. The objective is clear, the means are just as important. It remains for us to gain the courage, will and heart.



Sources: Many economic data come from the contribution of Peter Larrouturou that if it does not bring much response establishes a very correct diagnosis. A must read and reread. http://www.nouvellegauche.fr/ . I refer also to note the founding of Terra Nova on the RSA which I do not share all the views but still interesting. http://www.tnova.fr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=276 . I am also referring to various articles dl'économiste Michel Husson including "the credibility of the program" and "the true story of the wage share" http://hussonet.free.fr/

. We also recall the two books cited: the economy of antimanuel Bernard Mariss Lordon and that of pension funds, trap stupid? Mirage of shareholder democracy.

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It's back ...

... but RI was not on vacation

September 1, the end of the summer and school year so the real return. We've just been living the most hectic years ... which was not even fully charged with the holidays which as usual lull the media and intellectual France. It is always surprising that sleep when half the population does not go on vacation.
Russia Georgia, Afghanistan, Musharraf's resignation, Democratic and Republican Convention with choice of VP, Relationship France Rwanda, coup in Mauritania, a global conference on AIDS, desperate situation in Zimbabwe changes difficult in the Israeli-Palestinian and Israeli -Lebanese project launch of the Euro-mediterranean, Tibet and the Olympics and pitiful affair ... Sine.
You must obviously take into account the persistence of inflation in Western countries and the rising power of global famine that is the backdrop of all these episodes.
Some perspectives on the back.

The Russia-Georgia conflict

My first impression is that the Western world and the people of Georgia are paying extremely expensive Kosovo, the concept of "right of interference" and the tall tales of the input Georgia into NATO. The statements by Chancellor Merkel on the unacceptability of the recognition by Russia of the independence of two Georgian provinces reflect almost exactly the reaction of Russians following recognition of Kosovo's independence. They had warned that the reaction would be significant, the West has been challenged, the West has been punished. The debates of recent weeks have turned around the question of who attacked first, the situation remains unclear, but unnamed sources claim that the OSCE and Georgia are far from being white ... This is the problem of concepts such as the right of interference, which may be understandable, but we do not like others that we use. Kosovo and Iraq have set precedents foreign intervention without UN authorization. Russia has just done the same using moreover the supreme argument that genocide. Further evidence that the word now has a double meaning, that of a historical reality and a central term of political propaganda at the national level as in the concert of Nations. Finally, note the indirect responsibility of the USA. to believe that Georgia can flow into NATO and that all the alliance will come to his rescue. It is sadly realistic, it will tell me ... I'll just say that one must have courage to say that the NATO countries, France first place, would be ready to return to open conflict with the Rusiya for GEORGIA. The worst in International Relations that are not realistic or idealistic, it is those who are idealistic and are supposed to believe in a country that will support them while they defend them with words. The handset has a proclaimed idealism relaisme sournoi this is the foreign policy of GW.
The Russian action is obviously disproportionate except that my position is much easier than others ... I am opposed to almost all wars. My outrage is the same face of Russian intervention in Georgia or the intervention of Israel in Lebanon. The concern internationally and among the peoples of the world is the fact that some interventions for the West are more reprehensible than others. Sad to see that in recent years the power of the force has taken over so much.
Finally, before we know whether or not condemn the Russian Federation should calmly analyze the situation. We must understand that Russia and China have regained its strength and influence. Whether we like it or not we like to consider this reality. It is easy to say be a pro multilateralism when the West is the unique power. ... much more difficult when others are powerful.

Algeria

I would not do major development on the subject until the situation becomes difficult. Since the end of the democratic process has failed to see the Islamists take power in Algeria has suffered a terrible civil war that only the exhaustion seemed off. Different forces have taken power and above all it is impossible to ignore the importance of radical Islam can not be hidden or deleted. The also must admit the weakness of the influence of France and Europe ... especially since you can not get angry with that neighbor as its Algerian gas supply is important when relations are strained with Russia.

USA

I say and I say Barack Obama should win this election. The economic situation is not good factor more than favorable to Democrats. His speech embraces the American ideal and can be compared, although different, idealism Reagan ...
Few incumbent party candidate has won election after having taken such a scraped mid-terms in a more gloomy economic climate and when the candidate is not the incumbent President or his VP choice a woman for McCain surely will bring a large number of votes of evangelicals that he was not acquired but this does not bring him votes of moderates. One problem could derail Obama ... fear. It must be admitted that the crisis in Georgia with its whiff of cold war as Hurricane Gustav could promote the call to a Father of the Nation .... The election is still far away, especially the United States ... Obama must have dreams or the international situation and the elements left alone that the speech is on the USA, the American dream and the economy.
Ultimately I remain convinced of Obama's victory. Polls overall do not support him but he has more people with gold and has already earned him more than McCain and especially people say look uncertain for Obama. Disapproval of Bush remains extremely strong. Especially McCain seems no break in Hispanics. Sarkozy has won because France is aging. ... America instead be rejuvenated and Hispanic and black people are becoming more important ... They have been used to store the document in the abstainer seems to mobilize like never before. It should expect a very long wait to vote girl as the number of enrolled is increasing.
little personal note, I'd say and repeat to my friends, the term "genocide" has become indispensable in American discourse. ... Hillary and Barack have each used their speeches at the Democratic convention ... I watch what says the Republican side .. Small
final prediction, New Mexico, Virginia and Ohio will be Democrats.

Ps: I would at some point post on the proper relations between France and Rwanda, surely in English but I still thinking.

Can Hiv Give You Hives

Georgia, BHL, and some considerations antitotalitarian

should read the blog Melanchon JL. http://www.jean-luc-melenchon.fr/?p=613
It's refreshing, entertaining and requires thinking. All is not exact but are little things ... It at least has the merit to step aside to analyze things which proves not only that our newspapers are all real ideological (anti-totalitarian ideology which Adler and BHL are the respective bishops) has correctly analyzed Francois Cusset ( The decade: the nightmare of the 1980s ). Secondly, whether the conflict in Georgia has really been anyhow analyzed by the national press ... that I was more able to see that I work on the security council in recent weeks. All IR specialists have clearly stated that the U.S. had handled the situation very poorly and put some oil on the fire for weeks and months. ... This does not mean that the Russian response has not been kind (at the same time there was no death toll which is pretty amazing).

What is particularly disconcerting if you remember at the beginning of the conflict informed the press that Russia intervened to Following the assault by Georgia on its own territory ... BHL allowed the Georgian President to overturn this thesis, without BHL disprove or confirm what the president (but the general context of the article is that one leans toward the President's remarks). http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2008/08/19/choses-vues-dans-la-georgie-en-guerre-par-bernard-henri-levy_1085547_3214_1.html
's all as well as information important enough and yet the world in the articles following the publication of the article makes no reference BHL or responses.

Before criticizing without reading About the Mélenchon .... we must recognize that warned about the extremely dubious Solinejstine well before World does not publish any article on this subject (until very good article by Nicolas Weill ... thank you AB). He criticized the Daila Lama on facts and no one came to contradict those facts. It with other, denounced those who used to twist the term anti-Semitism by an insult that is not only shameful when it is wrong but in addition to the devastating effect of losing its strength in the words ... point that it may lead to the disastrous effect that when this word is used the first reaction is outrage, but more questioning. Finally he denounces the double discourse that prioritizes the types of racism that does not give equal weight to human rights. ... Important for the Georgian people, secondary origins for the peoples of Russia in Georgia.

In this connection I open a parenthesis. Mélenchon is mostly one of those, and I'm happy to be denouncing the anti-totalitarian rhetoric that can be summarized as follows: acknowledge the person who contradicts totalitarian racist anti-Semitic or even better (they willingly turn away the essential meaning of this word to be the ultimate insult prioritizing moreover racism) so you do not have to discuss with them and answer the arguments of the opponent. ... more the opponent is right in his words the greater the need to disqualify . It is much easier than debating ... anyone finding similarities with the techniques of Communist activists 60-70 years and use of the term bourgeois patrons and capitalizes be punished for daring to think these anti-totalitarian and communist on same plane ... all the people who most often points to the fact that they are the same and they just changed ideology while keeping the same methods will be doubly punished. The most extraordinary have been the 2005 debate on the EU constitution, says that you vote YES is approved in Europe (and not a constitution) which guarantee peace after the death camps made ... syllogism yourself. We must also see the link, it once again with the extermination of the Jews ... if that is not making the historical ideology. I close the parenthesis.

Finally I must mention Article 89 of the Street article BHL ( http://www.rue89.com/2008/08/22/bhl-na-pas-vu-toutes-ses- things-seen-in-georgia ) in Le Monde. I am an activist media education and image .... The first lesson that should be given when BHL is talking about is to consider all fake check at As this is true. That is to say apply the same system of the doubt that most applies to CSP + + Mélenchon and fail to BHL and other bishops. When I read his article it took me the second sentence of second paragraph to be in bad mood:
"Are we in the presence of one of those wars where the trick is supreme, as in the forgotten wars of Africa, to appear little as possible? "
phrase that comes as a hair on the soup and to whom to annoy me on many levels. First mention of Africa in general terms we must dare is true between the region of Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, North Africa, the Great Lakes Region, Ethiopia South Africa ... .. it makes sense to talk about Africa as a whole and an entity that shares the same techniques of war ....
After the end of war "forgotten" is also annoying because not only the history of the African continent, each of these regions grown enormously over the past 30 years and especially that the excavations allow us to understand so much about the story with little or no written records of Africa. Between those who evoke the African has not entered into history and those that evoke the history forgotten. ... In both cases is wrong in both cases it is condescending. It should also reflect on why BHL has talked about Africa and not the Indians of North America. Figure tricks Indian is not only better known but extremely well documented as the perfect example The French-Indian War (just before the revolution American). I'm going to my little intuitive hypothesis: evoking Africa's forgotten and these wars once again make reference to Africa as the forgotten continent, as a land of mystery ... After Hemingway and Malraux our friend BHL would be inspired Conrad. Some will say
should not dwell on this sentence ... maybe. In all cases that put me in a provision critical to this text and it told me a detail characteristic of BHL ... form prevails over substance and I would even say that the bottom must adapt to the shape. The BHL story is so initialing the Georgian president even being linked with Commander Massoud (who also rebelled against the Russians if you did not understand the analogy) and Russian portrayed in such a way you understand the space of an article that Georgia is the site of a struggle between good and evil story ... so perfect that any educated person, hopefully one should doubt .... This is not the case I received very nicely article by someone very close who herself had received from a friend who extolled ...
Article Rue89 aura was a detailed confirmation of my suspicion. Everyone in the intellectual world should respond precisely this kind of weakness ... but not in France. This is also the difference between an ideology that refuses any challenge and intellectual rigor.

In conclusion, if some want to challenge my comments by saying that I too am of ideology I would immediately say that I agree and I do not hide it ... the difference is there.

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our age ... They

I know I have my whims. ... And the army is one. Since my presence in a school and a U.S. university and have worked alongside Black Death of classes that are being fought in the war who lost a brother, sister, friends in the war. ... I realized that whatever the one thinks of the war, especially when one is fiercely opposed, always fully support the soldiers fighting. I thought to my brief history on the ceremonies and the reactions of the local press of the city of Naperville where I lived for over a year that has already lost more than ten of his children in Iraq and Afghanistan. Then I did not dare.

As the years pass sentence ... the older I get filled with clear ... When I was 18-19 years I thought that soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan was now at my age ... almost 23 years some are much younger than me. One soldier died at the front has just turned 20, he had less than a year of training. It is always better than the British or American soldiers who commit to 17 ½ years and that the day of their 18 years find themselves on the field.

We often talk about the U.S. military, referring to the fat that the vast majority of soldiers are Hispanic or black and often very poor ... only so they can pay for access to Universite themselves and their children, so they only have to finance their health care costs and premiums in recent years with the commitment range from 25 000 to 50 000 dollars . Except that quite often they come back dead or wounded for life (amputation) without mentioning the psychological (completely ignored by the army).

The situation in France is no different except that it was not a "GI Bill" equivalent to that of the USA which fully supports the university fees for soldiers and their families ... The situation is same here as it takes to watch the social composition of the French army ... You have much more chance of having military recruiters in a vocational school in a general high school or preparatory classes there. The military is often a choice for young socially conditioned by lack of reference, without leading professional and some of which have failed at school. In this regard it should be recognized that the French army has a real social role in our country. Another aspect to be well in mind is that those who send soldiers to the fronts are not the same social strata as the soldiers. I do not remember since General De Gaulle as a politician who could worry about a son or relative who was at the front.

I still have that fear that men and women, especially young people left on the left express a deep distrust of the military ... especially because they can not argue with us in political organizations. A pacifist can almost lead to a hatred of the soldier. I've always tended to enroll more in the mainstream of the left who accuse the first politicians who vote means the army and decide to send into battle, and then blame the generals. The basic soldiering, I already said does not necessarily have a choice and although he had no reason not to be secured to one who sees his comrade pierced by a bullet.

Following these terrible battles in Afghanistan we expect answers. Why are our soldiers were not above an aerial reconnaissance. Why is the air support he was so slow to intervene. Why do our soldiers have mounted the neck of the hill on foot or visibility is less then they had vehicles. It seems that the version differ substantially between what is declared by the command and what the soldiers reported wounded. Including whether our soldiers are dead in the first minutes of combat or have been slaughtered son hours. One thing is for sure in all cases, whether you are for or against the war and I am against it, if power is sending our soldiers to the front it is essential to give all necessary means to protect our soldiers. Again the powers that be and all those who refuse to vote censorship are responsible for the poor equipment of our troops and the weakness of our air support.

Responsibility policy is twofold. Responsible for sending our soldiers in a mission or goals are extremely vague and or definition of what constitutes a victory is not even established. Responsibility of political spending that prefers high technology (aircraft carrier or missile hight tech) in capital spending for our military, strengthening the armor our vehicles and the increase in air support unit (drome , helicopter ...). It is outrageous that France has no drome in Afghanistan because there is too much risk of losing them. A soldier is worth more than drome!

I can understand that the time should not be to increase the defense budget in these times of budgetary restraint. If budget cuts must be first must be repatriated when our soldiers because we can not leave behind if we do not give their all means to protect themselves and fulfill their missions. If like Sarkozy, Fillion, Kouchner, Bayrou they want to keep soldiers in Afghanistan while not increasing the defense budget and although they have blood on their hands.

Peace and Respect for the soldiers.

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Mana-Tombs Angenoîr to

Delta Gamma Initiation Test

Support Charles Enderlin

Once will not hurt ... I invite you to visit the website of the Nouvel Observateur to sign a petition supporting the reporter Charles Enderlin undergoing defamation and threatened for exercising his profession in 2001.

Call Le Nouvel Observateur:
"Seven years. For seven years obstinate and hateful campaign that seeks to tarnish the professional dignity of our colleague Charles Enderlin, France 2 correspondent in Jerusalem. For seven years the same people try to portray as a "sham" and a "series of staged scenes," his report showing the death of Mohammed al-Dura, 12, was killed by gunfire from the Israeli position, 30 September 2000 in the Gaza Strip in a clash between the army Israeli and Palestinian armed elements.
On 19 October 2006, the Paris court ruled the principal organizer of this campaign, Philippe Karsenty, guilty of diffamation.L Judgement delivered on 21 May by the Court of Appeal of Paris, written by Philippe Karsenty recognizes that remarks made by him were "undoubtedly affect the honor and reputation of information professionals" but admits, curiously, the "good faith" of Philippe Karsenty, who "exercised his right of free criticism" and "n did not exceed the limits of freedom of expression. " This decision which exonerates Philippe Karsenty surprises and we inquiète.Il surprises us, because it grants the same credibility to a journalist known for the thoroughness and rigor of his work, who exercises his profession in sometimes difficult conditions and its detractors, engaged in a campaign of denial and discredit, who ignore all the realities on the ground and have no experience of journalism in a conflict zone.
It worries us because it suggests that there is now against journalists a "permission to defame" which would allow everyone in the name of "good faith", the "right of free criticism" and "free speech" to strike with impunity "in honor and reputation of information professionals."
When freedom of action of journalists is the object of repeated attacks, we reiterate our commitment to this fundamental pillar of democracy and we renew our support to Charles Enderlin and our solidarity. "

See the link for the Petition cons.

I also indicates the ticket Dominique Vital recounting this animosity against Charles Enderlin and the consequences this has on news coverage of the Palestinian Israeli conflict-°.
http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/carnet/2008-05-29-Charles-Enderlin

What Does The Queens Cargo Van Cost?

Bombs 2 ... 300 000

Here is a blog ( http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr ) little known, yet it is a veritable source of information on the military. According to this journalist for the Liberation of France to spend more than 300 000 Saturday, April 19 in Afghanistan. Two new missiles to about 150 000 euros each plus the cost of the flight. Without certainty that the targets have been met ....
should not be mistaken about what those targets Taliban ... which everyone knows is such that their arms, shielding so important that it is essential to use the most advanced weapons. The military has always used war as the best training ground, and the French generals must be thrilled to have tested their new weapons. Do not forget: men are dead, there is no clear military strategy in Afghanistan and our troops at risk at any time to be injured or worse killed.
must remember here that members, including Francois Bayrou, refused to vote for censure against a government that sent our troops into war without strategy, without possibility of release and potentially unnecessarily the lives of our soldiers. Members chose not to vote for the censure does not appear ally of the Socialists rather than protecting the lives of French soldiers.
Finally, it must be remembered that not only the war at a cost extremely important, it does not bring peace but it takes place without any media coverage.
Democratic control on the use of armed forces is still an illusion in this country.

The blog post below
http://secretdefense.blogs.liberation.fr/ : 23/04/2008

In Afghanistan, the Rafale shoot their new AASM bomb
Reportedly, the gusts of air force in Kandahar fired, Saturday, April 19 and for the first time their new AASM bomb (Modular Air-Ground Armament) guided by GPS and inertial. Two
gear 250 kg were fired during the same mission, for a Rafale who had no visual on the target. Ground operators (TACP) provided the GPS coordinates of the target to the plane then proceeded to fire. The goal was reached, was about 200 meters of Allied ground troops, sources said it is not possible to verify it. The AASM
enter into service in the Air Force. It is a weapon similar to the JDAM bomb U.S. and more sophisticated, experts say. The AASM has been developed by Sagem. It exists in two versions, one GPS-guided (accuracy: 10 meters), the other also receiving an infra-red (accuracy of one meter). Only the first version is now supplied. According to the drop altitude, the glider bomb has a range of several tens of kilometers.
The Air Force and Navy should acquire 3,000 of its kits guide, for a total cost estimated at 430 million ( source: Parliamentary 2006). Or, anyway, 143.000 euros each!

Can You Use Anbesol When Pregnant

Members of the Nation

A majority of MPs did not vote today, government censorship. A number of member right and center, although their views may diverge from the government on sending new troops in Afghanistan have refused to vote for censure. These members, like all of those who refused to vote for censure have committed a double error.
First mistake, they agreed that Parliament may again in the future not be accessed by a vote during the deployment of French troops by not penalizing a government that considers the parliamentary debate as a waste of time and something useless on such issues.
Second mistake, this one worse, they have endorsed sending our troops into a country where conflict has raged since 2001. They decided to send our troops so that no record of the action taken since 2001 has been done. They decided to send our troops without knowing what the objective and what are the means used to achieve this goal. Finally they decided to send our troops when NATO could again lead the French troops in the loss to our overall control of French troops. No goal, no strategy, no clear definition of the resources being sent so many elements that may unfortunately encourage stagnation and losses and significant damage to our troops.
Since all these members will be responsible for the death or injury of our soldiers. Once again the French soldiers are sent overseas without a clear mission as members prefer to maintain their political majorities rather than question the relevance of government decisions.
That these members understand that if a young or very young, French soldier is injured or loses his life we see Mr. Cope, Lionel Lucas, François Bayrou and his colleagues will have blood on their hands.

Deborah Samson Quotes

Justice post-genocide Rwanda

I changed my last paper on Rwanda that I published some time ago. I explained that I was not very happy with the result .... and a few good reads and some Extra work hours are longer than the end result for me at last.

The work of Jean-Chestnut Landscapes after Genocide: A Justice est-elle possible au Rwanda?- m'a énormément servie à compléter mon texte.

Post-Genocidal Conflict in Rwanda: between justice and remaking society

How to build a sustainable peace after genocide like the one that occurred in Rwanda for 100 hundreds days during spring 1994? That is one of the major questions that Rwandese has to face. Building peace after a civil war and after genocide is very different. The definition of genocide itself makes it very different. Genocide is a policy of extermination, the aim of the perpetrators of genocide is to destroy a group because they believe that by doing so, it will bring peace to the whole society [1] . How is it possible to build peace when a large part of the society has believed, and acted consequently, that it was only by killing one group of the society that social peace would be possible for the entire society?
In order to understand genocide and the peace building process which needs to take place after it, in order to try to give an answer to those specific questions, it is very important to have a pluralistic analysis : political, anthropological but even more important an historical analysis. Articles and thesis that have a single approach often misunderstand the complexity of the problem.
The multiple approach of analysis should also be combined with a multiple approach of issues: justice, democracy, peace building, stakes of memory and defining common history. For those issues also, looking at one without taking into consideration the other will lead to over simplistic analysis.
This paper will show how justice is necessary and how the gacaca can be one of the answers even after taking into consideration the limits of such jurisdictions. In order to understand the complexity of doing justice, this paper will also develop a comparative approach of post-genocidal justice. At last, the reflection on justice needs to be combined to a global reflection on collective memory.

The specificity of post-genocidal justice.

Justice after genocide seems impossible. No sentences could ever be sufficient. At the heart of modern justice is the belief that someone can be reintegrated in the society after having accomplished his sentence, but no sanction can be sufficient after genocide. However absence of justice is not either a possibility, because “génocidaires” are guilty of their crime and should be prosecuted as such. The impossibility of sanction proportionate to the crime of genocide should not lead to the absence of justice. Antoine Garapon, in the foot steps of Hannah Arendt, untitled one of his book “the crimes that cannot be punished and forgiven [2] ”. How is it possible to judge the unthinkable? However, justice is necessary, victims and survivors deserve it. Perpetrators need to be found guilty, it is important in order to establish the truth but also because impunity will mean a certain victory of genocide that should not be accepted. The absence of justice, the absence of people recognized as guilty by a tribunal court is one of the best way to ensure “négationisme [3] ”. Justice is also a fundamental step for rebuilding one society after genocide. Nevertheless the act of justice is complicated after genocide: how is it possible to avoid victory justice? For how long justice should take place in a society that also needs to live once more as a whole?
An historical approach of post-genocidal justice
In order to understand the justice process in Rwanda it is compulsory to compare it with other genocides. It is also necessary to briefly analyze how the lack of justice in the Great Lakes region is one of the numerous explanations of genocide [4] .

Justice after genocide is a very difficult issue. After the Armenian genocide, justice was almost completely inexistent. For almost 60 years victims have been forgotten [5] . The trial of Nuremberg has often been presented as the symbol of justice after genocide. This assertion is false; the term of genocide has never been used [6] during the trial [7] and these trials have judged all crimes of the Nazi regime and not specifically the Shoah [8] . After the Shoah, trials like the one in Jerusalem for EICHMANN [9] or more recently the one for PAPON in France proved the difficulty of jugging people responsible for genocide. In most of the cases people refused their responsibility and denounced the victor justice. More recently post-genocidal justice in Cambodia, ex-Yugoslavia has not been an easy process, and once more, judges had to face the negation of the butchers and the accusation of not respecting due process.

The specific need of justice in the Great Lakes in order to ensuring peace

Justice is even more important in Rwanda because the denial of justice after each massacre since independence has always leaded to revenge and more massacres [10] . The pogrom of Tutsi in Rwanda in 1959, 1961, 1964 and during the 1980’s but also the genocide of Hutu in Burundi in 1972 [11] , the massacre of 1988 and the coup of 1993. Each time a massacre, a pogrom or a genocidal process took place in one of the country of the region it helped to implement the “banality of brutalization” [12] , the acculturation to violence but also the belief that violence and extermination were “banal” and maybe useful political tools. This absence of justice made it easier to implement the idea that peace will never be sure and definitive until the other group will be annihilated. The absence of justice made impossible to analyze what has be done, made impossible for the society as a whole to express its opposition with this wrong doing.

Justice in Rwanda: an impossible task?

It is in this historical context that post-genocidal justice in Rwanda has taken place. Justice is accomplishing at three different levels: the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda of Arusha, justice in Rwanda and justice in foreign countries. The ICTR had judge very few perpetrators but the more important one and it has helped a lot to understand how the genocide was planed. However, justice is very slow; and Rwandese deplore that the tribunal should have taken place in Rwanda [13] .

The specificity of Rwanda post-genocidal justice is inherent to the Gacaca. Gacaca was at first the name of a traditional court of justice that took place in the hills of Rwanda [14] . Paul KAGAMÉ with his government reorganized and institutionalized this traditional institution. The idea at the heart of the Gacaca process is that perpetrators, by saying the truth will have shorter sentences. Consequently the goal of Gacaca is not only to accomplish justice but also to establish the truth. For the government, when the truth will be accepted by all, it will be possible to live in a peaceful society. It is important to notice that the Gacaca is different of the process that had taken place in South Africa. In the Gacaca every one who is founded guilty is condemned, by telling the truth the person only gets to have a shorter sentence. The Gacaca process is not giving amnesty against the truth. For the government it was very important that the people who were guilty needed to be sentenced for putting an end of decades of impunity. As Jean CHATAIN put it in his book, justice should be “punitive but also reconciliation” [15] . However, many perpetrators have been jailed for years, between 1996 and 2006, before facing the Gacaca, consequently for most of them, after facing the Gacaca, they did not return to prison. This aspect is often denounced by the victims of the genocide.
Gacaca justice is unique. What is the goal of this justice is a difficult question. Rwandese, the Rwandan government, the international community and also scholars may ask too much to justice in Rwanda. One example is the call made by Paul RUTAYISIRE in 1998 to pass to a “punitive justice as a restorative justice [16] .” If such calls are understandable, it seems unrealistic: first of all because the justice had never been “punitive” in the past but also because the idea of “restorative” is the idea of returning to the “good old days”. However these “good old days” may have never existed in Rwanda. Consequently it is important to distinguish the judicial aspect of the Gacaca to the other meaning that it is possible to give to the Gacaca. The first goal of justice is to ensure the end of a culture of impunity and secondly to establish the truth. Gacaca can have other meaning like therapeutic one, and the process can help to remake, rebuilt society.
Many analyses criticized the way Gacaca are organized: they denounced manipulation by the government [17] , the lack of due process [18] , the justice of victors. One of the points developed by those analyses is to denounce the fact that the crime of the Rwanda Patriotic Front and the crime of genocide are not judged in the same time. This kind of critics prove that these authors do not understand the specificity of the crime of genocide and develop an over simplistic ethnicity analysis [19] . It is fundamental that all crimes should be prosecuted, including the crime of the RPF. However, crime of war that touch civilians, even massacres are not the same as genocide, and, seeing scholars putting them at the same level is more than strange [20] . Debates rose between 1996 and 2001 in order to define if the Gacaca should only pursue the killers of the Tutsis or if they also needed to pursue the killers of the moderate Hutus. The parliament decided that the genocide what defined in this double dimension and refused to separate crime based on race hatred and crime based on political issue [21] . By doing so the parliament wanted to claim that these two different kinds of crime were linked because killing the Hutu who opposed the regime or refused to kill Tutsi was a way of ensuring the success of the genocide. By refusing this dichotomy the Parliament ensure that every perpetrator who killed in order to accomplish the genocide should be punished without making difference of the identity of the victim.
The question rose by scholars and NGOs of the lack of due process is a difficult one. Having a total due process is an impossible task, if it is necessary to put pressure in order to respect as more as possible due process it is also important to respect [22] and understand the way Gacaca work. It is important to underline that the way gacaca were formed evolutes over time between 2001 and 2006 in order to respect the right of the accused one. Most of the difficulties occurred in the first part of the Gacaca process when they collected information. Since then, the fact that the Gacaca gave sanction and prison sentences proved to the victims and their family that it was the end of impunity and the fact that some people were acquit proved that it was not a victor justice either.
Also Gacaca is conceived as a “justice of transition”. This aspect of Gacaca as a justice of transition needs to be understood in a larger reflection: a reflection on how are interlaced the issues of justice, memory and definition of history.

The Gacaca courts between justice and “imperative of memory”

Reflection on Gacaca that focused only on the judicial approach often missed the difficulty raised by the trauma of victims, the impossibility of victims to accomplish their mourning and, at last, how victims and perpetrators can live together.
To understand the difficulty of post-genocidal justice it is important to focus on the individual. Jean HATZFELD in his book untitled « La stratégie des antilopes » focused on how “génocidaires” and “survivors” participated in Gacaca.
For the victims and for their families it is especially difficult because they want to know the truth and in the same time they are afraid of it. How is it possible to react peacefully, as the state asked them to do, when people acknowledge in front of them their responsibility in the killings of their families? It is even harder because by telling the truth the perpetrators will have less important sentences [23] .
For the perpetrators, telling the truth is not either an easy thing, they have to give details. These details can upset Tutsis and lead them to revenge but it can also upset Hutus perpetrators if a former ‘colleague’ during the genocide had said too much about who had killed whom. Jean Hatzfeld testified of Hutu who were killed for having said too much. As a result in the Gacaca people tried to preserve the living of the community by not telling all the truth, not asking all the questions they want to ask [24] . As a result less and less people went to Gacaca. However Jean CHATAIM in his book published in December 2007 gave testimony of other attitudes of victims toward the Gacaca. For him victims who were discontent during the first part of the Gacaca came back after the first trial. No global conclusion is possible to make on how the victims react to the Gacaca process. Each Gacaca court is influenced by the history of the area during the genocide, the way survivors and perpetrators gave the information. HATZFELD and CHATAIM gave reports of different reactions toward Gacaca work. Consequently it helps to keep in mind that if justice is organized and ensured by the community, it is also the relation between the individual and the justice process, which needs to be analyzed.
It is particularly true when it comes to the victims of the genocide. The place of victims in Rwanda society is a difficult issue. The impossibility of justice after genocide is more accurate for the victims than for the perpetrators, because for the guilty ones the judicial process is an end to the genocide, after its sentence the person can be reintegrated into the society. On the contrary, for the victims, the experience of genocide will never come to an end. As a result, it seems that the Hutu and the former Tutsi diasporas wanted to believed in the discourse of reconciliation and in the justice process of the Gacaca. However for most of the victims, a justice of reconciliation is impossible to accept or even conceived. It is important to notice in HATZFELD’s book that the victims who are indisposed to participate to the Gacaca are reluctant for most of them not because they do not believe in the impartiality of the Gacaca courts but because they understand that for them the genocide will never be finished and consequently no justice will ever be possible. It is only possible to judge the acts of the past and for the victims the genocide is their past, present and future. The government with the Gacaca process tries to make Rwandese as one nation by enabling Tutsi and Hutu to live together but for the survivors it is to ask them to cohabite with their butchers [25] . Rwanda faces an impossible dilemma between the imperative of justice, the need of building a peaceful and united society, the need of making a future possible and the reality of the victims who are still in the nightmare of 1994. Hatzfeld shows perfectly this situation and gives it all its meaning when one of the survivors in his book proclaimed that she had no future because they destroyed her past.

Gacaca needs also to be understood not only at a judicial level but also at a social one. The Gacaca searches the truth but this truth is redoubt. One of the merits of Gacaca is to “convoke memories” [26] . The Gacaca can be a good tool in order to build a “collective memory [27] ”.

Defining a new collective memory

To build “collective memory” will take more than the Gacaca. However, saying that, it is not condemning the Gacaca process. Limits to the Gacaca process do not make it unnecessary and wasteful. Defining new collective memory is necessary if Rwanda wants to live in a state of peace.
By denying the importance of the “ethnicity” [28] as a central identity after the genocide, the government has made it harder to build this collective memory. The Rwanda government by using at some point the genocide in order to legitimate his power has a responsibility in the division that shapes the country. This responsibility of the government has made the Gacaca lose some of their legitimacy; commemorations of genocide have also lost their legitimacy because it has become a political tribune for KAGAMÉ speech.
However, more than ever, Rwanda should built collective memory. In order to do so French, Belgian but also Rwandese scholars proposed to commemorate for example the Righteous [29] . They also proposed to write history and to teach history at school [30] .
Justice, commemoration, memory, teaching of history, all these issues are linked. All of them are part of the numerous answers that should help Rwanda to recover from the genocide. Valérie ROSOUX asked if the idea of Nation itself had not been destroyed by the genocide [31] . A Nation Needs history, collective heroes, and justice. It Is Facing by Those elements all together That May ACCOMPLISH Rwanda peace and lives one more as One Society. At last, thinking about Rwanda as one nation, can help to "deracialized [32] " Rwanda Society, It May Be The ultimate condition for sustainable peace.


[1] Bruneteau, Bernard. 2004. The century of genocides violence, massacres and genocidal process of Armenia to Rwanda. Paris, A. Colin.
[2] Garapon, Antoine. 2002. Crimes that can neither punish nor forgive for international justice. Paris: Jacob.
[3] Negationism has not been translated in English, even in French it is a barbarism made by the French historian Henry Rousseau in order to define the specific aspects of denying the reality of genocide. The word revisionism in English is not specific to the act of genocide. A specific word, for the denying of genocide, is necessary because denying genocide is at the heart of all genocide; it is a part of the genocide itself, a way of accomplishing it even after the end of the genocide.
[4] In order to understand genocide a single explanation will never be sufficient, multiple explanations would be better but will not either be enough. The heart of genocide is not understandable; there will always be something missing. Questions about genocide will always face aporia.
[5] BECKER, Annette. 2007. "Les victimes entre oubli et memoire". Schweizerische Zeitschrift F̐ưur Geschichte. Revue Suisse D'histoire. Rivista Storica Svizzera. 57 (1): 12.
[6] POWER, Samantha. 2002. A problem from hell America and the age of genocide. New York: Basic Books.
[7] Ibid. Raphael LEMKIN who made the word “genocide” tried to convince the judges to use it.
[8] I will prefer used the French term « Shoah » as the American term « holocaust ».
[9] ARENDT, Hannah. 1964. Eichmann in Jerusalem; a report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press
[10] Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers Colonialism, nativism, & the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Understanding the genocides of the twentieth century teach-Compare. 2007. Rosny-sous-Bois: Breal. p. 134-137
[11] Chretien, Jean-Pierre, and Jean-Francois Dupaquier. 2007. Burundi 1972, at the edge of genocides. Men and societies. [Paris]: Karthala.
[12] Becker, Annette. 2007. "The victims between oblivion and memory." Schweizerische Zeitschrift F̐ưur Geschichte. Swiss Review of History. Rivista Storica Svizzera. 57 (1): 12.
"The banality of increasing the brutalization induite par la Grande Guerre, cette intériorisation de la violence qui permet d’accepter durablement même ses aspects paroxysmiques ne compta pas pour rien dans ce refoulement. » The thesis developed by Annette Becker of an acculturation to violence by European society during World War I can help us to dismiss theories witch said that it is natural for Rwandese to perpetuate genocide, that they are culturally violent (such thesis has been developed both by politician like French President François Mitterrand but also political analysis like Kaplan). To analyze a process of acculturation to violence helped by a denial of justice is very different from saying that their cultures are naturally violent.
[13] As a result, the regime of Paul Kagame Dismissed The Importance Of The International Short, and very few "Know What Rwandese are very happening and Often There When They Heard Something about this short commentary it is bad from Rwandese Government official.
[14] REYNTJENS, F., The gacaca justice or turf in Rwanda, Politique Africaine, no. 40, December 1990, 31-41.
[15] BROWN, John. Landscape after the genocide. Justice is it possible in Rwanda? Le Temps des Cerises. December 2007. p 116.
[16] RUTAYISIRE Paul, "From Justice punitice to restorative justice," Cahiers Lumière and Company, No. 10, Kigali, May 1990.
[17] Oomen, Barbara. 2005. "Donor-Driven Justice and its Discontents: The Case of Rwanda". Development and Change. 36 (5): 887-910.
[18] Corey Allison, and Sandra F. Joireman Retributive justice: The Gacaca courts in Rwanda Afr Aff (Lond) 103: 73-89.
[19] These remarks apply especially for Allison Corey and Sandra F. Joireman’s article.
[20] Very few scholars put at the same level the crime committed by the Allies (Dresden for example) during WWII and the genocide of the Jews. If crimes when there are victims are always unacceptable, it is necessary to refuse a “competition of victims”. However, it is important to keep in mind Thats the AIM of genocide (the death of all have year end) Is Not The Same As The AIM of a massacre (That Can Be a Tool for Spreading fear in a time of war for example).
[21] CHATAIM, John. Landscape after the genocide. Justice is it possible in Rwanda? Le Temps des Cerises. December 2007. p 126.
[22] Here a reflection on "cultural relativism" developed by Claude Levi Strauss Can Be helpful.
[23] Because many "genocide" had beens jail in 1994 or 1996 sincere Even When They Are sentence to prison They Do not go to jail.
[24] Guillou Benedict, "Crimes of mass and individual responsibility "Field Criminal Responsibility / Criminal Irresponsibility posted July 25, 2005.
[25] CHATAIM, John. Landscape after the genocide. Justice is it possible in Rwanda? Le Temps des Cerises. December 2007. p 99 and 135-136. Numerous
CHATAIM could quote of the Book, The flower of Stephanie, wrote by Esther and Mujawayo Souâd Belhaddad publiseh by Flammarion in 2006.
"... response to a stress atrocious, and despite having to live together after a genocide. To a question that keeps coming up: to punish, yes, necessarily, but how to enable the country to 'survive' after? In other words, how recohabiter, not between Tutsi and Hutu, but between victims and killers. In Rwanda there is no other choice. "
[26] Guillou Benedict," Crimes of mass and individual responsibility, "Field Criminal Responsibility / Criminal Irresponsibility posted July 25, 2005.
[27] The work of Maurice Halbwachs is collective memory Should Be helpful to Understand how new Collective Memory is build in Rwanda.
[28] and Hutu ethnic groups Tust Are Not In The Sense of differences of culture, language or Even physique differences. Hutu and Tutsi are However Constructed cultural identity. Even if history Proved That There Are No Separation Between ethnic Hutu and Tutsi, It Is false to Consider That Hutu and Tutsi genocide after are not central identity in Rwanda. CHRETIEN Jean-Pierre. 2000. The African Great Lakes two thousand years of history. Historical collection. Paris: Aubier.
[29] ROSOUX, Valerie. 2007. "Plural memory, STATEMENTS OF CONFLICT - Introduction - SCIENTIFIC OFFICER - Rwanda, the impossible" national memory "? - Ethnology Fran̐ưcaise. 37 (3): 409.
[30] Schools in Rwanda do not Have historic class.
[31] ROSOUX, Valerie. 2007. "PLURAL MEMORIES, MEMORIES IN CONFLICT - Introduction - SCIENTIFIC OFFICER - Rwanda, the impossible" national memory ? - French Ethnology. 37 (3): 409.
[32] Understanding the genocides of the twentieth century teach-Compare. 2007. Rosny-sous-Bois: Breal. p. 150 "a culture of peace must be racist. "